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Journal Issue: Long-Term Outcomes Of Early Childhood Programs Volume 5 Number 3 Winter 1995

Two-Generation Programs: Design, Cost, and Short-Term Effectiveness
Authors: Robert G. St. Pierre Jean I. Layzer Helen V. Barnes

Endnotes

  1. Carnegie Task Force on Meeting the Needs of Young Children. Starting points: Meeting the needs of our youngest children. New York: Carnegie Corporation of New York, April 1994.
  2. Duncan, G.J. The economic environment of childhood. In Children in poverty: Child development and public policy. A.C. Huston, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991, pp. 23-50.
  3. McLoyd, V.C., Jayaratane, T.E., Cebello, R., and Borquez, J. Unemployment and work interruption among African American single mothers: Effects on parenting and adolescent socioemotional functioning. Child Development (1994) 65:562-89.
  4. Schorr, L. Within our reach: Breaking the cycle of disadvantage. New York: Doubleday, 1988.
  5. McLoyd, V.C., and Wilson, L. The strain of living poor: Parenting, social support, and child mental health. In Children in poverty: Child development and public policy. A.C. Huston, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991, pp. 105-35.
  6. Huston, A.C., McLoyd, V.C., and Garcia-Coll, C. Children and poverty: Issues in contemporary research. Child Development (1994) 65:275-82.
  7. Andrews, S.R., Blumenthal, J.B., Johnson, D.L., Kahn, A.J., et al. The skills of mothering: A study of parent child development centers. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. Serial No. 198 (1982) 47,6.
  8. Randomized trials of PAT are being sponsored by the Center for the Future of Children, The David and Lucile Packard Foundation, Los Altos, CA.
  9. Ongoing evaluations of HIPPY are being conducted by the Center for the Child, National Council of Jewish Women, New York, NY.
  10. Ramey, C.T., Ramey, S.L., Gaines, R., and Blair, C. Two-generation early interventions: A child development perspective. Article prepared for the Foundation for Child Development, 1994.
  11. Weiss, H. Home visits: Necessary but not sufficient. The Future of Children (Winter 1993) 3,3:113-28.
  12. White, K.R., Taylor, M.J., and Moss, V.D. Does research support claims about the benefits of involving parents in early intervention programs? Review of Educational Research (1992) 62:91-125.
  13. Larner, M., Halpern, R., and Harkavy, O., eds. Fair start for children: Lessons learned from seven demonstration projects. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992.
  14. Gueron, J., and Pauly, E. From welfare to work. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1991.
  15. Datta, L.E. Youth interventions: Literacy. In The intergenerational transfer of cognitive skills, Vol. 1. Programs, policy, and research issues. T.G. Sticht, M.J. Beeler, and B.A. McDonald, eds. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1992.
  16. Moore, M., and Stavrianos, M. Adult education reauthorization: Background. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, 1994.
  17. Development Associates. National evaluation of adult education programs: Draft final report. Arlington, VA: Development Associates, 1994.
  18. Cameron, S., and Heckman, J. Nonequivalence of high school equivalents. The Journal of Labor Economics (1993) 11:1-47.
  19. Smith, S. Two-generation program models: A new intervention strategy. Social policy report. Ann Arbor, MI: Society for Research in Child Development, 1991.
  20. Nickse, R. Family and intergenerational literacy programs: An update of "The noises of literacy." ERIC Clearinghouse on Adult, Career, and Vocational Education. Information Series No. 342, 1990.
  21. Several programs were not reviewed because they do not meet our definition of a two-generation program. Many of these arose from a child development perspective (for example, Head Start, the Early Childhood Education and Assistance Program developed in Washington State, the Infant Health and Development Program, Parents as Teachers, and the Home Instruction Program for Preschool Youngsters), while others grew from a welfare and job training perspective (for example, the Teenage Parent Demonstration; the Learning, Earning, and Parenting program; the JOBSTART demonstration; and Project Redirection). The Kenan Trust Family Literacy Program does meet the criteria for a two-generation program and is an important national model but is not reviewed here because the evaluation did not include a comparison group.
  22. Johnson, D., and Walker, T. Final report of an evaluation of the Avance parent education and family support program. Report submitted to the Carnegie Corporation. San Antonio, TX: Avance, 1991.
  23. Travers, J., Nauta, M., and Irwin, N. The effects of a social program: Final report of the Child and Family Resource Program's infant-toddler component. Cambridge, MA: Abt Associates, 1982.
  24. St. Pierre, R.G., Goodson, B.D., Layzer, J.I., and Bernstein, L. National evaluation of the Comprehensive Child Development Program: Report to Congress. Cambridge, MA: Abt Associates, 1994.
  25. St.Pierre, R.G., Swartz, J.P., Gamse, B., et al. National evaluation of Even Start Family Literacy Program: Final report. Cambridge, MA: Abt Associates, January 1995.
  26. Swartz, J.P., Smith, C., Berghauer, G., et. al. Evaluation of the Head Start Family Service Center Demonstration Projects: First year evaluation results. Cambridge, MA: Abt Associates, 1994.
  27. Quint, J.C., Polit, D.F., Bos, H., and Cave G. New Chance: Interim findings on a comprehensive program for disadvantaged young mothers and their children. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation, 1994.
  28. Ramey, C. University of Alabama. Personal communication, October 1994.
  29. Administration on Children, Youth and Families. Project Head Start statistical fact sheet. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, January 1995.
  30. Rouse, J. National Parents as Teachers office. Personal communication, October 1994.
  31. Maynard, R. Building self-sufficiency among welfare-dependent teenage parents: Lessons from the Teenage Parent Demonstration. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, 1993.
  32. Burghardt, J., and Gordon, A. More jobs and higher pay: How an integrated program compares with traditional programs. New York, NY: Rockefeller Foundation, 1990.
  33. Riccio, J., Friedlander, D., and Freedman, S. GAIN: Benefits, costs, and three-year impacts of a welfare-to-work program. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation, 1994.
  34. Infant Health and Development Program. Enhancing the outcomes of low-birthweight, premature infants. Journal of the American Medical Association (1990) 263, 22:3035-42.
  35. Wasik, B.A., and Karweit, N.L. Off to a good start: Effects of birth to three interventions on early school success. In Preventing early school failure: Research, policy, and practice. R.E. Slavin, N.L. Karweit, and B.A. Wasik, eds. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon, 1994.