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Journal Issue: Drug-Exposed Infants Volume 1 Number 1 Spring 1991

Estimating the Number of Substance-Exposed Infants
Authors: Deanna S. Gomby Patricia H. Shiono

Endnotes

  1. According to Loretta Finnegan, as cited in National Institute on Drug Abuse. Drug abuse and pregnancy. NIDA Capsule (CAP33), (June, 1988).
  2. Zuckerman, B., Frank, D.A., Hingson, R., et al. Effects of maternal marijuana and cocaine use on fetal growth. New England Journal of Medicine (1989) 320:762–768.
  3. Bowsher, C.A. Drug–exposed infants: A generation at risk. Statement before the Committee on Finance, United States Senate. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO/HRD-90-46), June 28, 1990.
  4. Osterloh, J.D., and Lee, B.L. Urine drug screening in mothers and newborns. American Journal of Diseases of Children (1989) 143:791–793.
  5. Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia. Current trends: Statewide prevalence of illicit drug use by pregnant women—Rhode Island. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (1990) 39:225–227.
  6. Chasnoff, I.J., Landress, H.J., and Barrett, M.E. The prevalence of illicit drug or alcohol use during pregnancy and discrepancies in mandatory reporting in Pinellas County, Florida. New England Journal of Medicine (1990) 322:1202–1206.
  7. Frank, D.A., Zuckerman, B.S., Amaro, H., et al. Cocaine use during pregnancy: Prevalence and correlates. Pediatrics (1988) 82:888–895.
  8. National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD. National household survey on drug abuse: Population estimates 1990. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1991. (DHHS Publication No. (ADM) 91-1732).
  9. National Center for Health Statistics. Advance report of final natality statistics, 1987. Monthly Vital Statistics Report (1989) 38 (No. 3 Suppl.): 16. (Public Health Service, Hyattsville, MD.)
  10. Cherukuri, R., Minkoff, H., Feldman, J. et al. A cohort study of alkaloidal cocaine ("crack") in pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (1988) 72:147–151.
  11. Browning, C.A. Effects of cocaine on mother, fetus, and newborn. Paper presented at the 19th Annual Meeting of the Wisconsin Association for Perinatal Care. Stevens Point, WI. April 11, 1989. As cited in Aronson, R.A., and Hunt, L.H. Cocaine use during pregnancy: Implications for physicians. Wisconsin Medical Journal (March, 1990): 105–110.
  12. Chasnoff, I.J. Drug use and women: Establishing a standard of care. Annals of New York Academy of Sciences (1989) 562:208–210.
  13. Hagopian, E., Darby, M., Patti, L., et al. The prevalence of antepartum substance abuse. Pediatric Research (1990) 27 (4/Part 2): 207A.
  14. Chouteau, M., Namerow, P.B., and Leppert, P.H. The effect of cocaine abuse on birth weight and gestational age. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (1988) 72:351–354.
  15. MacDonald, M.G., Rifai, N., Morales, A., et al. Maternal drug abuse in an inner city NICU. Pediatric Research (1990) 27 (4/Part 2):248A.
  16. Behnke, M., Eyler, F.D., Conlon, M., et al. Relationship between perinatal complications and cocaine use in a high-risk obstetrical population. Pediatric Research (1990) 27 (4/Part 2):239A.
  17. Data from one Fort Lauderdale, Florida hospital, as cited in Jones, C.L., and Lopez, R.E. Component report on drug abuse: Direct and indirect effects on the infant of maternal drug abuse. In Public Health Service Report on the Content of Prenatal Care, vol 2. G. Hill, ed. Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services. In press.
  18. Ostrea, E.M., and Brady, M. Are perinatal complications different with the abuse of cocaine, heroin or cannabinoid during pregnancy? Pediatric Research (1990) 27 (4/Part 2):219A.
  19. Little, B.B., Snell, L.M., Klein, V.R., et al. Maternal and fetal effects of heroin addiction during pregnancy. Journal of Reproductive Medicine (1990) 35:159–162.
  20. Fitzgerald, P. FAS persists despite broad public awareness. Michigan Medicine (May, 1988): 262–268.
  21. Abel, E.L., and Sokol, R.J. Incidence of fetal alcohol syndrome and economic impact of FAS-related anomalies. Drug and Alcohol Dependence (1987) 19:51–70.
  22. Kleinman, J.C. and Kopstein, A. Smoking during pregnancy, 1967–80. American Journal of Public Health (1987) 77:823–825.
  23. Missouri Center for Health Statistics, Division of Health Resources, Missouri Department of Health, Jefferson City, MO. Personal communication.
  24. Neerhof, M.G., MacGregor, S.N., Retzky, S.S., et al. Cocaine abuse during pregnancy: Peripartum prevalence and perinatal outcome. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (September, 1989) 161:633–638.
  25. Fulroth, R., Phillips, B., and Durand, D.J. Perinatal outcome of infants exposed to cocaine and/or heroin in utero. American Journal of Diseases of Children (1989) 143:905–910.
  26. Ostrea, E.M., Brady, M., Gause, S., et al. High prevalence of drug abuse in an obstetric population as detected by analysis of infants' stools (meconium) for drugs. Pediatric Research (1990) 27 (4/Part 2): 251A.
  27. Hard-core cocaine addicts: Measuring—and fighting—the epidemic. Staff report prepared for the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate. 101st Cong. 2d Sess. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1990.
  28. Besharov, D.J. The children of crack: Will we protect them? Public Welfare (Fall, 1989) 47:6–12.
  29. Office of Inspector General, Office of Evaluation and Inspections, Department of Health and Human Services. Crack babies. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, February, 1990.
  30. Institute of Medicine. Treating drug problems. D.R. Gerstein and H.J. Harwood, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1990, 85.