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Journal Issue: Transition to Adulthood Volume 20 Number 1 Spring 2010

Young Adults and Higher Education: Barriers and Breakthroughs to Success
Authors: Thomas Brock

Endnotes

  1. U.S. Census Bureau, "The Big Payoff: Educational Attainment and Synthetic Estimates of Work-Life Earnings" (Washington: U.S. Census Bureau, July 2002).
  2. Sandy Baum and Jennifer Ma, "Education Pays: The Benefits of Higher Education for Individuals and Society" (Washington: College Board, 2007), pp. 21–23.
  3. Thomas S. Dee, "Are There Returns to Civic Engagement?" Journal of Public Economics 88 (2004): 1697–1720.
  4. Donald R. Deere and Jelena Vesovic, "Educational Wage Premiums and the U.S. Income Distribution," in Handbook of the Economics of Education, vol. 1, edited by Eric Alan Hanushek and Finis Welch (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 2006), pp. 255–306.
  5. U.S. Census Bureau, "The Big Payoff" (see note 1).
  6. Wilson Smith and Thomas Bender, "Introduction," American Higher Education Transformed: 1940–2005 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press), pp. 1–11.
  7. Judith Eaton, "The Evolution of Access Policy: 1965–1990," in Public Policy in Higher Education, edited by. L. F. Goodchild and others (Needham Heights, Mass.: Pearson Custom Publishing, 1997), pp. 237–46.
  8. Thomas Diener, Growth of an American Invention: A Documentary History of the Junior and Community College Movement (New York: Greenwood Press, 1986); Lawrence E. Gladieux and Thomas R. Wolanin, Congress and the Colleges (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1976), pp. 1–14.
  9. Gladieux and Wolanin, Congress and the Colleges (see note 8), pp. 12–13.
  10. Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–63 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988); Taylor Branch, Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years, 1963–65 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998); Taylor Branch, At Canaan's Edge: America in the King Years 1965–68 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006).
  11. Todd Gitlin, The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage (New York: Bantam, 1993).
  12. Eaton, "The Evolution of Access Policy: 1965–1990" (see note 7), pp. 237–46.
  13. T. D. Snyder, S. A. Dillow, and C. M. Hoffman, Digest of Education Statistics 2007 (NCES 2008-022) (Washington: National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, 2008), table 180.
  14. Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau, "Annual Estimates of the Population by Sex and Selected Age Groups for the United States: April 1, 2000, to July 1, 2007 (NC-EST2007-02)" (Washington: U.S. Census Bureau, May 1, 2008); Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau, "Resident Population plus Armed Forces Overseas—Estimates by Age, Sex, and Race: July 1, 1965" (Washington: U.S. Census Bureau, Internet Release Date: October 1, 2004.)
  15. Snyder, Dillow, and Hoffman, Digest of Education Statistics 2007 (see note 13), tables 181, 187, 217.
  16. Susan Choy, Findings from the Condition of Education 2002: Nontraditional Undergraduates (NCES 2002-012) (Washington: National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, 2002).
  17. Snyder, Dillow, and Hoffman, Digest of Education Statistics 2007 (see note 13), tables 180, 187.
  18. Ibid., table 187.
  19. Ibid., table 225.
  20. Stephen Provasnik and Michael Planty, Community Colleges: Special Supplement to The Condition of Education 2008 (NCES 2008-033) (Washington: National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, 2008).
  21. Susan Choy, Findings from the Condition of Education 2002: Nontraditional Undergraduates (see note 16).
  22. Laura Horn and Rachel Berger, College Persistence on the Rise? Changes in 5-year Degree Completion and Postsecondary Persistence Rates between 1995 and 2000 (NCES 2005-156) (Washington: National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, 2004).
  23. Ibid.
  24. Ibid.
  25. John Bound, Michael F. Lovenheim, and Sarah Turner, Understanding the Decrease in College Completion Rates and Increased Time to the Baccalaureate Degree (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Population Studies Center, University of Michigan Institute for Social Research, November 2007).
  26. Horn and Berger, College Persistence on the Rise? (see note 22).
  27. Lutz Berkner, Shirley He, and Emily Forrest Cataldi, Descriptive Summary of 1995–96 Beginning Postsecondary Students: Six Years Later (NCES 2003-151) (Washington: National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, 2002), pp. 61 and 65.
  28. Snyder, Dillow, and Hoffman, Digest of Education Statistics 2007 (see note 13), table 178.
  29. Clifford Adelman, The Toolbox Revisited: Paths to Degree Completion from High School through College (Washington: U.S. Department of Education, February 2006).
  30. Choy, Findings from the Condition of Education 2002: Nontraditional Undergraduates (see note 16).
  31. American Council on Education, Minorities in Higher Education 2008: Twenty-Third Status Report (Washington: American Council on Education, 2008).
  32. Ryan H. Hahn and Derek Price, Promise Lost: College-Qualified Students Who Don't Enroll in College (Washington: Institute for Higher Education Policy, November 2008).
  33. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Education at a Glance: OECD Indicators 2007 (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2007).
  34. Vincent Tinto, Leaving College: Rethinking the Causes and Cures of Student Attrition (University of Chicago Press, 1993).
  35. See, for example, John M. Braxton, ed., Reworking the Student Departure Puzzle (Vanderbilt University Press, 2002).
  36. See, for example, Monica Martinez and Shayna Klopott, The Link between High School Reform and College Access and Success for Low-Income and Minority Youth (Washington and Boston: American Youth Policy Forum and Pathways to College Network, 2005); and Michael Bangser, Preparing High School Students for Successful Transitions to Postsecondary Education and Employment (www.betterhighschools.org, August 2008).
  37. Basmat Parsad and Laurie Lewis, Remedial Education at Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions in Fall 2000 (NCES 2004-010) (Washington: National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, November 2003).
  38. Paul Attewell and others, "New Evidence on College Remediation," Journal of Higher Education 77 (2006): 886–924.
  39. W. Norton Grubb, "Second Chances in Changing Times: The Roles of Community Colleges in Advancing Low-Skilled Workers," in Low-Wage Workers in the New Economy: Strategies for Opportunity and Advancement, edited by Richard Kazis and Marc S. Miller (Washington: Urban Institute Press, 2001), pp. 277–302; and Vincent Tinto, "Learning Communities and the Reconstruction of Remedial Education in Higher Education," paper prepared for the Conference on Replacing Remediation in Higher Education at Stanford University, January 26–27, 1998.
  40. Henry M. Levin and Juan Carlos Calcagno, "Remediation in the Community College: An Evaluator's Perspective," Community College Review 35 (2008): 181–207; Thomas R. Bailey and Mariana Alfonso, Paths to Persistence: An Analysis of Research on Program Effectiveness at Community Colleges (Indianapolis, Ind.: Lumina Foundation for Education, January 2005).
  41. Susan Scrivener and others, A Good Start: Two-Year Effects of a Freshmen Learning Community Program at Kingsborough Community College (New York: MDRC, 2008).
  42. Ibid.
  43. Mary G. Visher and others, The Learning Communities Demonstration: Rationale, Sites, and Research Design (New York: MDRC, 2008).
  44. Davis Jenkins, Matthew Zeidenberg, and Gregor Kienzl, Educational Outcomes of I-BEST, Washington State Community and Technical College System's Integrated Basic Education and Skills Training Program: Findings from a Multivariate Analysis, Community College Research Center, Working Paper 16 (New York: Columbia University, Teachers College, Community College Research Center, May 2009).
  45. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, Basic Skills for Complex Lives: Designs for Learning in the Community College (Stanford, Calif.: The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 2008).
  46. See National Center for Postsecondary Research website: www.postsecondaryresearch.org/index.html?Id=Research&Info=Developmental+Summer+Bridges.
  47. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, Basic Skills for Complex Lives (see note 45).
  48. See International Center for Supplementary Instruction website: www.umkc.edu/cad/SI/overview.html.
  49. The Institute for Higher Education Policy, College Remediation: What It Is, What It Costs, What's at Stake (Washington: The Institute for Higher Education Policy, December 1998).
  50. Norton W. Grubb, "Getting into the World: Guidance and Counseling in Community Colleges," Community College Research Center, Working Paper 1 (New York: Columbia University, Teachers College, Community College Research Center, 2001).
  51. Community College Survey of Student Engagement, Committing to Student Engagement: Reflections on CCSSE's First Five Years (Austin, Tex.: Community College Leadership Program, University of Texas–Austin, 2007).
  52. Bound and others, Understanding the Decrease in College Completion Rates and the Increased Time to the Baccalaureate Degree (see note 25).
  53. Colleen Moore and Nancy Shulock, Beyond the Open Door: Increasing Student Success in the California Community Colleges (Sacramento, Calif.: Institute for Higher Education Leadership and Policy, California State University, Sacramento, 2007).
  54. U.S. Department of Education, Office of Postsecondary Education, Federal TRIO Programs, An Interim Report on the Student Support Services Program: 2002–03 and 2003–04, with Select Data from 1998–2002 (Washington: U.S. Department of Education, 2007).
  55. Susan Scrivener, Colleen Sommo, and Herbert Collado, Getting Back on Track: Effects of a Program for Probationary Students at Chaffey College (New York: MDRC, 2009).
  56. Susan Scrivener and Michael Weiss, Enhanced Student Services: The Effects of Two Programs in Ohio (New York: MDRC, 2009).
  57. New America Foundation, Federal Education Budget Project, "Education Policy Program: Federal Higher Education Programs—Overview" (www.newamerica.net/programs/education_policy/federal_education_budget_project/higher_ed [July 1, 2009]).
  58. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Student Aid and Postsecondary Tax Preferences: Limited Research Exists on Effectiveness of Tools to Assist Students and Families through Title IV Student Aid and Tax Preferences (Washington: U.S. Government Accountability Office, July 2005).
  59. Alisa F. Cunningham and Deborah A. Santiago, Student Aversion to Borrowing: Who Borrows and Who Doesn't (Washington: Institute for Higher Education Policy and Excellence in Education, 2008).
  60. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Student Aid and Postsecondary Tax Preferences (see note 58).
  61. Ibid.
  62. Susan M. Dynarski, "Does Aid Matter? Measuring the Effect of Student Aid on College Attendance and Completion," American Economic Review 93, no. 1 (March 2003): 279–88.
  63. See, for example, U.S. Department of Education, A Test of Leadership: Charting the Future of U.S. Higher Education: A Report of the Commission Appointed by Secretary of Education Margaret Spellings (Washington: U.S. Department of Education, 2006); and College Board, Fulfilling the Commitment: Recommendations for Reforming Federal Student Aid (www.collegeboard.com, September 2008).
  64. U.S. Department of Education, "The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009: Education, Jobs, and Reform," program description from website (www.ed.gov/policy/gen/leg/recovery/factsheet/overview.html [February 18, 2009]).
  65. U.S. Department of Education, "Education Secretary Duncan Highlights Budget Proposals to Increase College Access and Affordability," press release from website (www.ed.gov/news/pressreleases/2009/02 /02262009.html [February 26, 2009]).
  66. U.S. Department of Education, "Obama Administration Announces Streamlined College Aid Application," press release from website (www.ed.gov/news/pressreleases/2009/06/06242009.html [June 24, 2009]).
  67. Eric P. Bettinger and others, "The Role of Information and Simplification in College Decisions: Results from the H&R Block FAFSA Experiment" (Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2009 draft).
  68. U.S. Department of Education, A Test of Leadership (see note 63); and College Board, Fulfilling the Commitment (see note 63).
  69. See Georgia college information website: www.gacollege411.org/FinAid/ScholarshipsAndGrants/HOPEScholarship/overview.asp (July 1, 2009).
  70. Susan Dynarski, "The New Merit Aid," in College Choices: The Economics of Where to Go, When to Go, and How to Pay for It, edited by Caroline M. Hoxby (University of Chicago Press, 2004), pp. 63–100.
  71. Ibid.; Christopher Cornwell, David B. Mustard, and Deepa J. Sridhar, "The Enrollment Effects of Merit-Based Financial Aid: Evidence from Georgia's HOPE Scholarship," Journal of Labor Economics 24, no. 4 (2006): 761–86.
  72. Lashawn Richburg-Hayes and others, Rewarding Persistence: Effects of a Performance-Based Scholarship Program for Low-Income Parents (New York: MDRC, 2009), pp. 9–10.
  73. Ibid.
  74. Joshua Angrist, Daniel Lang, and Philip Oreopoulos, "Incentives and Services for College Achievement: Evidence from a Randomized Trial," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 1, no. 1 (January 2009): 136–63.
  75. See project website for the Performance-Based Scholarship Demonstration: www.mdrc.org/project_31 _91.html.
  76. See project website for the Wisconsin Scholars Longitudinal Study: www.wiscape.wisc.edu/research/Details.aspx?id=17.
  77. See note 65. Philanthropic foundations announcing major investments in postsecondary education include the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, based in Seattle, Washington; and Lumina Foundation for Education, based in Indianapolis, Indiana.
  78. Derek Bok and William Bowen, The Shape of the River: Long-Term Consequences of Considering Race in College and University Admissions (Princeton University Press, 1998), p. xxi.