Princeton University
Publication: Graduate School Announcement, 2006-07
Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs
Dean
Anne-Marie Slaughter
Associate Dean
Nolan M. McCarty
Director of Graduate Studies
Noreen Goldman
Professor
R. Douglas Arnold, Public Affairs, Politics
Larry M. Bartels, Public Affairs, Politics
Roland Benabou, Public Affairs, Economics
Carles Boix, Public Affairs, Politics
Charles M. Cameron, Public Affairs, Politics
Anne C. Case, Public Affairs, Economics
Thomas J. Christensen, International Affairs, Politics
Christopher F. Chyba, Astrophysical Sciences, International Affairs
John McConnon Darley, Psychology, Public Affairs
Angus S. Deaton, International Affairs, Economics
Christopher L. Eisgruber, Public Affairs, University Center for Human Values
Aaron L. Friedberg, International Affairs, Politics
Noreen Goldman, Public Affairs, Demography
Gene M. Grossman, International Affairs, Economics
G. John Ikenberry, International Affairs, Politics
Daniel Kahneman, Psychology, Public Affairs
Robert O. Keohane, Public and International Affairs
Atul Kohli, International Affairs, Politics
Alan B. Krueger, Public Affairs, Economics
Paul R. Krugman, International Affairs, Economics
John B. Londregan, International Affairs, Politics
Douglas S. Massey, Public Affairs, Sociology
Nolan M. McCarty, Public Affairs, Politics
Sara S. McLanahan, Public Affairs, Sociology
Helen V. Milner, International Affairs, Politics
Katherine S. Newman, Public Affairs, Sociology
Michael Oppenheimer, International Affairs, Geosciences
Christina H. Paxson, Public Affairs, Economics
Uwe E. Reinhardt, Public Affairs, Economics
Thomas Romer, Public Affairs, Politics
Michael Rothschild, Public Affairs, Economics
Cecilia E. Rouse, Public Affairs, Economics
Kim Lane Scheppele, Public Affairs, University Center for Human Values
Eldar B. Shafir, Psychology, Public Affairs
Harold T. Shapiro, Public Affairs, Economics
Lee M. Silver, Molecular Biology, Public Affairs
Burton H. Singer, Public Affairs, Demography
Anne-Marie Slaughter, International Affairs, Politics
Paul E. Starr, Sociology, Public Affairs
Marta Tienda, Public Affairs, Sociology
James Trussell, Public Affairs, Economics
Frank N. von Hippel, Public and International Affairs
Mark W. Watson, Public Affairs, Economics
Lynn T. White III, International Affairs, Politics
Jennifer Widner, International Affairs, Politics
David S. Wilcove, Public Affairs, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Robert D. Willig, Public Affairs, Economics
Visiting Professor
Nannerl O. Keohane, Laurance S. Rockefeller Distinguished Visiting Professor
Daniel C. Kurtzer, S. Daniel Abraham Visiting Professor in Middle East Policy Studies
Eytan Sheshinski, Public and International Affairs
Associate Professor
Gary J. Bass, International Affairs, Politics
Brandice Canes-Wrone, Public Affairs, Politics
Joshua R. Goldstein, Public Affairs, Sociology
Denise L. Mauzerall, Public and International Affairs
Marc J. Melitz, International Affairs, Economics
Jonathan A. Parker, Public Affairs, Economics
Deborah J. Yashar, Public Affairs, Politics
Visiting Associate Professor
Alicia Adsera, Public and International Affairs
Assistant Professor
Elizabeth M. Armstrong, Sociology, Public Affairs
Christina Davis, International Affairs, Politics
Emilie M. Hafner-Burton, Politics, International Affairs
David E. Lewis, Public Affairs, Politics
Adriana Lleras-Muney, Public Affairs, Economics
Jason M. K. Lyall, International Affairs, Politics
Daniel Oppenheimer, Psychology, Public Affairs
Grigore Pop-Eleches, Public Affairs, Politics
Markus Prior, Public Affairs, Politics
Emily Pronin, Psychology, Public Affairs
Ricardo Reis, Public Affairs, Economics
Helène Rey, International Affairs, Economics
Esteban Rossi-Hansberg, International Affairs, Economics
Jesse M. Rothstein, Public Affairs, Economics
Alexander Todorov, Public Affairs, Psychology
Jessica L. Trounstine, Public Affairs, Politics
Joshua A. Tucker, International Affairs, Politics
Visiting Assistant Professor
Dean C. Yang, International Affairs, Economics
Lecturer with Rank of Professor
Stanley N. Katz, Public and International Affairs
Lecturer
Shlomo Angel, Public and International Affairs
Swati Bhatt, Public and International Affairs, Economics
Wolfgang Danspeckgruber, Public and International Affairs
Richard Erdman, Public and International Affairs
Robert P. Finn, Public and International Affairs
Joschka Fischer, Frederick H. Schultz Class of 1951 Visiting Professor
Edward Freeland, Public and International Affairs
Peter C. Goldmark Jr., John L. Weinberg/Goldman Sachs and Company Visiting Professor
David J. Goldston, Public and International Affairs
Jean Baldwin Grossman, Public and International Affairs, Economics
Robert Hutchings, Public and International Affairs
Dominic Johnson, Council of the Humanities, Public and International Affairs
Graham Lord, Public and International Affairs
German Rodriguez, Public and International Affairs
Nathan Scovronick, Public and International Affairs
Anthony E. Shorris, Public and International Affairs
Silvia Weyerbrock, Public and International Affairs, Economics
Visiting Lecturer
Barbara B. Blumenthal, Public and International Affairs
Mickey Edwards, Public and International Affairs
John J. Gershman, Public and International Affairs
Andrew E. Haughwout, Public and International Affairs
David N. Kinsey, Public and International Affairs
Christopher A. Kojm, Public and International Affairs
Mark Lopez, Public and International Affairs
Michael O’Hanlon, Public and International Affairs
The Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs offers advanced training for careers in public and international affairs. The School seeks to meet the need for broadly trained professionals who will create, interpret, and implement public policy. It therefore provides a generalist training in public affairs that is quite different from the programs appropriate for those who plan careers in private business, private law, or the specialized tasks of public administration.
Woodrow Wilson School graduates pursue widely varied careers in the U.S. federal government, in international agencies, in foreign governments, in state and local governments, in nonprofit agencies, and in the private sector. The School encourages its students to pursue careers in public and international affairs and commits substantial resources to fellowship funding to ensure that financial obligations will not be a deterrent to public service careers. It also keeps its student enrollment relatively small. The Woodrow Wilson School has built a large and diversified faculty, but it has also deliberately maintained a low student-faculty ratio, allowing for a great deal of informal exchange among faculty, students and staff.
In addition to its programs of instruction, the Woodrow Wilson School sponsors a wide range of research through 22 affiliated Centers and Programs. To cite just a few, the Princeton Institute for International and Regional Studies (PIIRS) promotes collaborative, interdisciplinary scholarship and teaching on issues of global importance. It also publishes the quarterly journal World Politics. The Office of Population Research is a leading center of demographic study and publisher of Population Index. The Center for Health and Wellbeing seeks to foster the interdisciplinary study of health, health policy, and well-being in both developed and developing countries.
History
The School of Public and International Affairs (as it was originally named) was founded at Princeton in 1930 with a focus on both international affairs and domestic public affairs. Although a graduate professional program was planned from the outset, the initial venture was an interdisciplinary program for undergraduates in Princeton’s liberal arts college. The master’s program was created in 1948, and it was significantly expanded and strengthened beginning in the 1960s as a result of a major gift from Marie and Charles Robertson. More than 50 years later, the Woodrow Wilson School, with a distinguished graduate faculty, 20 affiliated research centers and programs, and a small program of doctoral studies, has become a major international center of advanced training and research in public and international affairs.
Graduate Programs
The principal graduate program of the School is a two-year curriculum leading to the degree of Master in Public Affairs (M.P.A.). Students can earn a joint degree in public affairs and law (M.P.A.-J.D.) after four years of study in the Woodrow Wilson School and a collaborating law school. The School also has a graduate program leading to a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree in public and international affairs, as well as a one-year Master in Public Policy (M.P.P.) degree for mid-career professionals.
Two-Year Program for the M.P.A. Degree
The School’s M.P.A. program is designed to train individuals for careers in government and other public service. Much of the first year of the M.P.A. program is devoted to the core skills necessary for upper level careers in public affairs: political and psychological analysis for the effective formulation and implementation of public policy; statistical analysis for the assessment and evaluation of public programs; and economic analysis, with broad application to the roles of government in fiscal and monetary policy, international trade and finance, economic and social development, public goods and environmental policy, and welfare and taxation systems. Each M.P.A. candidate selects one of four policy fields in which to concentrate: International Relations, Development Studies, Domestic Policy or Economics and Public Policy. In addition, students may elect to pursue a certificate in demography; pursue health and health policy; science, technology, and environmental policy; or urban policy and planning. The first-year experience is punctuated by a full-day Integrated Policy Exercise in January and a first-year qualifying examination in May. Each of these presents students with realistic challenges in policy analysis that require application of all the core skills that have been taught.
During the summer between the first and second years of the program, each student is required to undertake an internship with a governmental, international or non-governmental organization, dealing with public affairs challenges. The second-year course work extends and deepens study and practice in the chosen field and any chosen certificate areas of specialization. Second-year students participate in policy workshops that address a particular policy problem and report to a practitioner client. Each policy workshop involves 8–12 students in a team effort that combines field research and a group report and presentation. In May of their second year, students must pass a qualifying examination in their respective fields.
The WWS Office of Graduate Career Services assists students in developing a career plan to meet their own defined goals. The Career Office provides detailed individual guidance and leads for internships and job interviews, as well as résumé development, practice interviews, and career panels and workshops. In these functions, the Career Office enjoys the strong support of School alumni, who also benefit from the connection nurtured by the School at times of transition in their own careers.
Joint-Degree Programs
Some students may wish to combine the School’s program in public affairs with study for a degree in a related professional field. A joint M.P.A.-J.D. degree program that combines public affairs with the study of law is offered in cooperation with the law schools of Columbia, New York University, Stanford, and Yale. On occasion, joint programs with other law schools have been possible, when approved by the Woodrow Wilson School and the cooperating law school.
The joint program shortens the time involved in obtaining the two degrees and makes possible an effective combination of the several disciplines involved in public policy analysis. Participating students spend five semesters at the cooperating law school and three semesters at the Woodrow Wilson School, thus reducing by two semesters the normal time required to earn the two degrees. Enrollment in the joint program requires separate application and admission to each school.
For a limited number of exceptionally strong candidates, the School is prepared to accept joint programs that combine public affairs with the study for a degree in fields such as business management, engineering, and public health. Proposals giving a detailed rationale for such a joint program must be submitted to the faculty chair of the M.P.A. program. Because combined fields entail overlapping study, joint-degree programs normally shorten by one semester the length of time required to complete each of the individual programs.
Certificate Program in Health and Health Policy
A Certificate in Health and Health Policy, sponsored by the Center for Health and Wellbeing (CHW), is offered for graduate students who plan to pursue careers in health-related areas in the public and not-for-profit sectors. The program is designed for students with domestic and international health interests and provides both broad training in core topics in health and health policy as well as courses in specialized areas. Both M.P.A. and M.P.P. students are eligible for the certificate, as are graduate students in other departments. The certificate requires two core courses (political economy of health systems and epidemiology) and two electives courses.
Certificate Program in Science, Technology, and Environmental Policy (STEP)
The STEP Certificate Program encourages each student to acquire additional depth within a focus area and a mature understanding of a key issue in the fields of science, technology, or environmental policy. Candidates for the STEP certificate must complete four STEP-approved courses (most of which are taught by STEP core or associated faculty) and an advanced policy research paper. It is expected that most MPA and MPP candidates will write the policy paper in the context of one of those courses; papers receiving a grade of B+ or above will be eligible to satisfy this requirement. With permission of the STEP director, up to two of the courses may be taken in departments outside the Woodrow Wilson School, such as chemistry, ecology and evolutionary biology, engineering, geosciences, or molecular biology.
Certificate in Demography
By successfully completing four courses in population studies (one of which entails an individual research project), students at the Woodrow Wilson School are able to earn a Certificate in Demography in conjunction with the M.P.A. Students may wish to combine their study of population with a specialization in development studies or in the demographic aspects of urbanization and urban planning.
Certificate Program in Urban Policy and Urban Policy and Planning
Two distinct certificates are offered to all M.P.A. and highly focused M.P.P. students. They are grounded in the interdisciplinary and comparative study of cities and urban problems in both advanced industrialized and developing countries. The Urban Policy (U.P.) certificate emphasizes the social, economic and political dimensions of urban problems and is designed to prepare students for careers in urban policy analysis and development in international agencies, national, state and local governments, non-profit organizations, and think tanks. The Urban Policy and Planning (U.P.P.) certificate builds on this scholarly foundation with a focus on physical planning. Both certificates require core courses in the “Social Organization of Cities” and “Urbanization and Development,” and the U.P. certificate also requires three elective requirements (for a total of five required courses). For the U.P.P. certificate, students must take two electives and two additional core courses in planning theory and methods (for a total of six required courses). In both certificate programs, students are also required to complete a Policy Workshop that has been designated for urban policy.
M.P.P. Program for Mid-career Professionals
The Woodrow Wilson School’s M.P.P. program offers practicing public policy professionals the opportunity to earn a degree in one year. In addition to studying for the M.P.P. degree, students may also earn a certificate in science, technology, and environmental policy; urban and regional planning; or demography.
Students in the M.P.P. program select their courses from among the offerings available to all Woodrow Wilson School graduate students. M.P.P. candidates are encouraged to tailor a program of study to meet their individual needs, drawing mainly from the Woodrow Wilson School’s course offerings, and supplemented by courses available in other University departments. M.P.P. candidates typically undertake programs of study that combine general courses in quantitative methods, policy analysis, and public management with more specialized courses chosen from the School’s four fields of concentration.
In addition to their individual course work, all M.P.P. students participate in a special leadership colloquium. These seminars, held throughout the year, provide a forum for discussion of public service issues with Princeton faculty members and prominent leaders from outside the University.
Candidates for the M.P.P. must have at least seven years of relevant professional work experience. They must demonstrate leadership, creativity, the capacity for professional development, and the intellectual ability to thrive in a demanding academic environment. All applicants are required to take the Graduate Record Exam (GRE); international applicants must also take the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL).
Financial assistance is available to all applicants who demonstrate financial need. Up to eight students from nonprofit and nongovernmental organizations are named Christian Johnson Endeavor Fellows, making them eligible for tuition and stipend support. Up to 10 candidates to be named John L. Weinberg Fellows are selected from the U.S. Foreign Service and other foreign policy agencies, enabling them to receive support.
The Ph.D. Program in Public Affairs
The Woodrow Wilson School admits a small number of students each year into a program leading to a Ph.D. degree in Public Affairs to meet the need for researchers capable of applying social science methods to the study of important public policy questions. Areas of specialization include politics and public policy; urban policy; political economy; population policy; and science, technology, and environmental policy. Applications are considered from individuals who have an outstanding academic record and a strong commitment to research in international or domestic policy.
Requirements for the degree differ by area of specialization. Usually at least ten graduate courses are required, including work in economics, politics, and quantitative analysis. Courses are typically taken in the Woodrow Wilson School or in neighboring departments, such as politics, sociology, and economics. The general examination consists of either two or three written components and one oral one. Students must also demonstrate reading proficiency in a foreign language during the first year of study. On the basis of need and merit, the Woodrow Wilson School provides fellowships for tuition and a stipend for living expenses.
Contact Information
The Woodrow Wilson School publishes a catalog describing its graduate programs in considerable detail, including specific information on course requirements, the general examination, and fellowships. The catalog and admission information can be requested online at www.wws.princeton.edu, by e-mail to wwsadmit@princeton.edu, or from the Assistant Dean for Graduate Admissions, Woodrow Wilson School, Robertson Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544-1013.
Courses
These courses are supplemented by the graduate offerings of the various departments of the University. Descriptions of seminars in the various departments can be found in other sections of this catalog. Please refer to the Woodrow Wilson School catalog for complete, updated course information.
WWS 501 The Politics of Public Policy (open to MPA students only)
Robert Hutchings, Grigore Pop-Eleches, Thomas Romer
Analysis of political forces that influence the policy making process, with an emphasis on the political implications of policy decisions. Examples are drawn from international and U.S. cases. Special attention is given to writing skills as they apply to the roles of advisers and decision makers in public sector organizations.
WWS 502 Psychology for Policy Analysis and Implementation
John Darley, Emily Pronin, Alexander Todorov
Covers basic concepts and experimental findings of psychology that contribute to an understanding of the effects of policy on human behavior and well-being. Also covered are psychological factors that affect the formulation, communication, and execution of policy. Topics include a descriptive analysis of boundedly rational judgment and decision making, a consideration of social motives and attitudes, and an introduction to the ways in which agents influence and negotiate with one another, including an examination of the psychological roots of conflict.
WWS 503 The Management of Organizations
Barbara Blumenthal
Diagnose organizational issues and design interventions to improve performance, using case studies of public and nonprofit organizations. Analysis of characteristics of high-performing organizations and differences between sectors. Explore techniques and skills for problem solving, team building, developing consensus, and leading change, so that students’ ideas and initiatives are more likely to succeed. Students reflect on their prior experiences in organizations as a means to further personal development.
WWS 504 Policy Issues and Analysis of Nonprofits, NGOs, and Philanthropy
Stanley N. Katz
Examines policy issues at international, national and local levels. Provides groundwork on nonprofits, NGOs, and philanthropy. Emphasis on understanding how philanthropy, nonprofit, and NGO sectors operate, their niche alongside private and public sectors, revenue sources, impact on society, and converse effects of society and its institutions; the policy making process. Explores impact of reliance on government or overseas support for Third World NGOs; faith-based service provisions: accountability and transparency, advocacy, and government regulations.
WWS 505 Financial Management in the Corporate and Public Sectors
Uwe E. Reinhardt
An analysis of the investment, valuation, and financing of the corporation, focusing on the application of economic theory and analytic tools to the solution of financial problems. The interrelations between investment and financing policies and their dependence on security valuations are stressed.
WWS 507 Quantitative Analysis
(b) Basic, Graham Lord
(c) Advanced, Mark Watson
Study of basic data analysis techniques, stressing application to public policy. Includes measurement, descriptive statistics, data collection, probability, exploratory data analysis, hypothesis testing, simple and multiple regression, correlation, and graphical procedures. Some training offered in the use of computers. No previous training in statistics is required. The basic level assumes a fluency in high school algebra and familiarity with basic calculus concepts, while the advanced level assumes a fluency in calculus.
WWS 508b Econometrics and Public Policy: Basic
Graham Lord
Provides a thorough examination of statistical methods employed in public policy analysis, with a particular emphasis on regression methods which are frequently employed in research across the social sciences. This course emphasizes intuitive understanding of the central concepts, and develops in students the ability to choose and employ the appropriate tool for a particular research problem, and understand the limitations of the techniques. Prerequisite: 507b.
WWS 508c Econometrics and Public Policy: Advanced
Jesse Rothstein
Discusses the main tools of econometric analysis, and the way in which they are applied to a range of problems in social science. Emphasis is on using techniques, and on understanding and critically assessing others’ use of them. There is a great deal of practical work on the computer using a range of data from around the world. Topics include regression analysis, with a focus on regression as a tool for analyzing non-experimental data, discrete choice, and an introduction to time-series analysis. There are applications from macroeconomics, policy evaluation, and economic development. Prerequisite: grounding in topics covered in 507c.
WWS 509 Generalized Linear Statistical Models (also ECO 509)
German Rodriguez
Focuses primarily on the analysis of survey data using generalized linear statistical models. The course starts with a review of linear models for continuous responses and then proceeds to consider logistic regression models for binary data, log-linear models for count data-including rates and contingency tables and hazard models for duration data. Attention is paid to the logical and mathematical foundations of the techniques, but the main emphasis is on the applications, including computer usage. Assumes prior exposure to statistics at the level WWS 507c or higher and familiarity with matrix algebra and calculus. Prerequisite: 507c.
WWS 511 Microeconomic Analysis
(b) Basic, Cecilia E. Rouse
(c) Advanced, Robert D. Willig
(d) Accelerated
Courses 511 and 512 provide systematic exposition of principles and techniques of economic theory that are most useful in analyzing economic aspects of public affairs. The courses are divided into separate sections according to a student’s previous experience with economics and the student’s level of mathematical sophistication. The basic level assumes a fluency in high-school algebra and a basic knowledge of calculus concepts, while the advanced level assumes a fluency in calculus and some previous exposure to economics. Section “d” moves through the materials at an accelerated rate.
WWS 512 Macroeconomic Analysis
(b) Basic, Esteban Rossi-Hansberg
(c) Advanced, Jonathan Parker
Covers the theory of modern macroeconomics in detail. Focus is on the determination of macroeconomic variables—such as output, employment, prices, and the interest rate—in the short, medium, and long run, and addresses a number of policy issues. Discusses several examples of macroeconomic phenomena in the real world. A central theme will be to understand the powers and limitations of macroeconomic policy in stabilizing the business cycle and promoting growth. The basic level assumes a fluency in algebra as a minimum, while the advanced level assumes a fluency in calculus as a minimum.
WWS 515b Program and Policy Evaluation
Deborah Peikes, Anu Rangarajan, Christopher Trenholm
Introduces students to evaluation. Explores ways to develop and implement research-based program improvement strategies and program accountability systems; judge the effects of policies and programs; and assess the benefits and costs of policy or program changes. Students study a wide range of evaluation tools; read and discuss both domestic and international evaluation examples and apply this knowledge by designing several different types of evaluations on programs of their choosing. Pre-requisite: 507b/c or instructor’s permission
WWS 515c Program and Policy Evaluation
Melissa Clark, Deborah Peikes, Anu Rangarajan, Christopher Trenholm
Evaluation using more advanced quantitative techniques than are covered in WWS 515b. Explores ways to develop and implement research-based program improvement strategies and program accountability systems; judge the effects of policies and programs; and assess the benefits and costs of policy or program changes. Students study a wide range of evaluation tools and apply these tools empirically with Stata, using data from several large-scale impact evaluations. Prerequisites: 507c and 508c or instructor’s permission.
516a Topics in Law: The Rule of Law
Kim Lane Scheppele
Considers the role of law in government and asks: When is a state constrained by law and when it may legitimately change or ignore the law by which it is bound? We will use a range of materials from fiction to court cases, from legal theory to political history, as we ask whether the rule of law is a value in itself, and whether there are any legitimate exceptions to it. In large measure we will proceed by negative example, considering cases from the U.S.: Abraham Lincoln’s conduct during the Civil War, Franklin Roosevelt’s economic emergency, the exigencies of the Cold War, Nixonian exceptionalism, and the “war on terror” after 9/11. We will also consider comparative examples: the Russian Revolution and Stalinism, the collapse of the Weimar constitution and Nazism, and the radical breaks from communism in the “revolutions” of 1989 and beyond. In the international arena, we will look at the Nuremberg Trials and the Kosovar War. Not offered in 2006–07.
516b Topics in Law: Globalizing International Law
Paul Berman
Traditionally, international law focused on only two normative systems: those promulgated by nation-states and those promulgated among nation-states. More recently, it has become clear that nation-states are not the only relevant norm-generating communities to study. Moreover, understanding this plural legal order requires a broader framework, one that draws on the insights not only of lawyers and international relations theorists, but also of anthropologists, sociologists, critical geographers, and cultural studies scholars. This course considers such insights, exploring the myriad ways in which legal norms are articulated and disseminated, often with little regard for the fixed geographical boundaries of the nation-state system.
WWS 519 Negotiation, Persuasion and Social Influence: Theory and Practice (also PSY 528)
(a) open to MPA students only; also PSY 528
(b) open to MPP students only; also PSY 528
Meenakshi Chakraverti, Frank Vargas
Examines the principles of negotiation in organizational settings and provides firsthand experience in simulated negotiations. Theoretical and empirical research on the variables that affect success in negotiations are discussed. The students engage in a series of bargaining exercises between individuals and teams. The results of these exercises are analyzed in detail by the class.
WWS 521 Domestic Politics
R. Douglas Arnold
Introduction to the political analysis of policymaking in the American setting. Includes theoretical and empirical analyses of political institutions, including executives, legislatures, and bureaucracies. Also examines the political environment in which these institutions operate, with special attention to the role of public opinion, interest groups, and elections.
WWS 522 Microeconomic Analysis of Domestic Policy
Mark H. Lopez
Examines a series of major issues of policy designed to illustrate and develop skills in particularly important applications of microeconomics. Topics will include education and training, the minimum wage, mandated benefits, affirmative action, the theory of public goods and externalities, and the basic theory of taxation. Prerequisite: 511b.
WWS 523 Legal and Regulatory Policy Towards Markets
I. Kessides
Employs the methods of microeconomics, industrial organization and law and economics to study circumstances where market failures warrant government intervention with policies implemented through the law or regulatory agencies. Topics include antitrust policy toward business practices and vertical and horizontal combinations; policy approaches toward R&D and intellectual property; reliance on tort law, disclosure law, and regulatory standards to mitigate information and externality problems pertaining to health, safety, and performance risks; and the implications for pricing, entry, and investment of different forms of public utility regulation, with examples drawn from energy, telecommunications, and transportation sectors. Prerequisite: 511c.
WWS 524 Advanced Macroeconomics: Domestic Policy Issues
Jonathan Parker
An extension of WWS 512c, the course covers economic growth, the roles of R&D, education, and institutions in long-run development, fiscal and monetary policy in the long run, unemployment, short-run fiscal and monetary policy, economic fluctuations, and the budget and state of the US economy. Aims to show how modern theoretical and quantitative methods can be useful in analyzing important macroeconomic policy issues. Focus is on a series of specific topics of current policy interest. Prerequisite: 512c.
WWS 525 Microeconomic Analysis of Government Activity
Eytan Sheshinski
Analyzes government involvement in “market failures”; externalities (corrective tolls for congestion, environmental damage); “natural” monopolies (infrastructure-telecommunication, electricity-regulation and pricing); efficiency and equity aspects of excise and income taxes; and alternative social security structures and reform proposals in the U.S. and other countries. Prerequisite: 511c.
WWS 527, 528 Domestic Policy Analysis
Covers various issues concerning domestic public policy. Fall term courses are numbered 527; spring term courses are numbered 528. Recent offerings in the series have included:
WWS 527a Domestic Policy Analysis: Transportation
Alain L. Kornhauser
Studies the transportation sector of the economy from a technology and broad public policy perspective. Focus is on the modeling and methodologies that underpin the policy formulation, capital and operations planning, and real-time operational decision making within the transportation industry. With shifting national priorities, the Federal role in transportation is changing significantly. The shift towards privatization caused market forces to play a much bigger role in the transportation sector. Radical concepts such as “value” pricing, private toll roads and for-profit mass transportation are beginning to be seriously considered as elements of a broad transportation policy. The heightened sensitivity of security creates new challenges. Meanwhile, local issues of traffic congestion, road construction and transportation-related environmental issues are dominant themes of grass roots politics. Not offered in 2006–07.
WWS 527b Political Analysis for Public Affairs
Charles M. Cameron
Top level managers in the public and non-profit sectors operate in highly political environments in which they must anticipate the responses of legislators, regulators, political activists, voters, and the media. This course provides conceptual frameworks for analyzing political threats and opportunities, managing political crises, and formulating effective organizational strategies in highly political environments.
WWS 527c Domestic Policy Analysis: Urban Economic Development
Anthony E. Shorris
Examines theory, tools, and strategies of urban economic development. Reviews the moral, economic, and political rationales for governmental development efforts, then uses readings and cases to examine tools commonly used in urban development including targeted infrastructure creation, zoning and land use, sub-national tax policy, educational initiatives, and public-private partnerships. Reviews strategic approaches to urban development including sectoral efforts (such as those focused on manufacturing and intellectual capital creation) and competitive efforts (such as marketing and tourism.)
WWS 527d Domestic Policy Analysis: Political Leadership for Social Change
Mickey Edwards
Social change is not always the result of an enlightened “official” national leadership, nor the result of historical evolution, nor a “great man” or “great woman” on whom change rests. It is the premise of this course that progress is the result of human action, often without official sanction and in opposition to prevailing authority. We will study how people change the world they live in, explore effective and ineffective campaigns for change, and attempt to determine how successful movements become successful, how strategies are developed, messages framed, coalitions built, and decision-making structures created. Taught by a former member of Congress and long-time social activist.
WWS 528a Domestic Policy Analysis: Land Use Policy and Planning
David N. Kinsey
Examines theory and practice of land use policy and planning in the U.S. Explores concepts of sprawl and smart growth, then, examines land use plan making, law, and regulation. Analyzes land use programs and issues, at diverse levels of government, including state smart growth programs, regional agencies, fair share and inclusionary housing programs, conservation and farmland preservation, and big city planning and redevelopment. Also analyzes the roles and interactions of executive agencies, courts, experts, advocates, property owners, profit-oriented and nonprofit developers, and citizens in land use issues. (Fulfills URP requirement)
WWS 528b Domestic Policy Analysis: Public Management and Leadership
Peter Goldmark
This course covers management disciplines of the public and non-profit sectors, emphasizing those less frequently taught in public policy schools: recruitment and assessment of talent; interaction with the press; managing in uncertainty; the art of implementation; and others. Flexibility will be taught, practiced, and prized.
WWS 528c Inequality and Urban Poverty: Social Issues, Policy Options
Katherine Newman, Anthony Shorris
This course focuses on the sociological and economic aspects of urban poverty, as well as the policy remedies that have been attempted to alleviate its most devastating manifestations. After situating the problem of urban poverty in the context of rising inequality since the mid-1970s, the course moves to consider concrete problems that have developed in the wake of these trends, including racial segregation, unemployment and working poverty, the burdens faced by poor immigrants, and educational inequality. The course will review both what the scholarly literature tells us about these questions and what we know about the policy remedies, institutions and actors who have stepped in to implement them. Students will choose a city to study and, through a series of data gathering exercises and memos, build a briefing book for the mayor in which they argue for a particular policy remedy. Not offered in 2006–07
WWS 528e Leadership (limted to 16 students)
Nan Keohane
What do leaders actually do? What kinds of traits are important for successful leadership? How do followers influence the behavior of leaders? And what impact does exercising power have on your personality? We will draw from classical political theory (including Plato, Machiavelli, and Max Weber), current “leadership literature,” and case studies of decision-making. Among the topics are expertise and collaboration, responsibility and accountability, women and leadership, and leadership in various kinds of organizations.
WWS 528f Information Technology and Public Policy
Ed Felten
Information technology plays an ever-growing role in our lives, our economy, and our government, putting pressure on existing policy arrangements and raising entirely new policy issues. This course will examine a range of infotech policy issues, including privacy, intellectual property, free speech, competition, regulation of broadcasting and telecommunications, cross-border and jurisdictional questions, broadband policy, spectrum policy, management of the Internet, computer security, education and workforce development, and research funding. Assignments will consist of weekly reading, weekly writing assignments, and a final project. This course is suitable for students without any special technical background.
WWS 531 Congress and Public Policy (also POL 546)
Staff
An examination of the role of Congress in national policy making. Includes theoretical and empirical analyses of congressional elections, the committee system, congressional leadership, and roll-call voting. The second half of the course applies several theories about Congress to specific policy areas.
WWS 533 Planning Theory and Process
Solly Angel
A broad introduction to the theory and practice of urban planning and policy-making in both industrialized and developing countries. Readings, lectures, class discussions, debates, and films introduce participants to planning theory; urban utopias; the history of plan-making; urban public works; the “comprehensive” ideal; regulatory vs. activist futures; marginality and the persistence of the unplanned; the craving for growth limits; City Beautiful; gentrification; alternative futures for the inner city; zoning and other limits on private property; the search for community; and the New Urbanism.
WWS 535 Planning Methods
Thomas Wright
Introduces a set of concepts and tools that are widely used in the practice of urban and regional planning. The focus is on developing an operational understanding of the models, techniques and data used in such applications as regional economic and demographic projections, cost-benefit analysis, and land use analysis. Emphasis is also placed on the limitations of the methods.
WWS 537 Social Organization of Cities
Douglas S. Massey
Reviews the historical emergence and social evolution of cities and urban life and presents current theories regarding the ecological and social structure of urban areas, and how urban social organization affects the behavior and well-being of human beings who live and work in cities. (Fulfills URP requirement.)
WWS 538 Politics and Policy Making in Metropolitan Areas
Jessica L. Trounstine
Analyzes political life in urban areas. Considers institutional arrangements of city politics, the role played by diverse communities in governance, and the intersection of local, state, and national governments in the policy process. Specific attention is given to several issue areas: economic development, fiscal management, welfare, culture politics, and education. (Fulfills URP requirement.)
WWS 540 Urbanization and Development
Staff
Examines the origins, types, and characteristics of cities in less developed countries and the ways in which patterns of urbanization interact with policies to promote economic growth and social equity. Readings and class discussions address three areas: 1) a history of urbanization in the Third World; 2) an analysis of contemporary urban systems, demographic patterns, and the social structure of large Third World cities; 3) a review of the literature on urban dwellers with emphasis on the poor and their political and social outlooks. (Fulfills URP requirement.)
WWS 541 International Politics
G. John Ikenberry
Introduces competing theories of international relations and evaluates their explanation of foreign policy decisions and general patterns in international relations over the last century. Broadly covering security policy and international political economy, topics include the causes of war, the role of international organizations to promote cooperation, and the interaction between domestic actors and governments in negotiations on trade and the environment.
WWS 542 International Economics
Paul Krugman
Survey course in international economics for non-specialists. The first half covers microeconomic topics such as trade theory and policy, multilateral trade negotiations and regional economic integration. The second half addresses macroeconomic topics such as current account imbalances, exchange rates, and international financial crises. The course stresses concepts and real-world applications rather than formal models. Prerequisites: 511b and 512b (concurrently).
WWS 543 International Trade Policy
Paul R. Krugman
Evaluates arguments for and against protection and adjustment assistance and considers topics chosen from the following: nontariff barriers, dumping, embargo threats and trade warfare, and the political economy of trade policy formation. Special attention is given to trade problems of the less-developed countries, including North-South trade relations and commodity price stabilization. Prerequisite: 511c.
WWS 544 International Macroeconomics
Paolo Pesenti
Examines issues in open economy macroeconomics and international finance. Topics include current account behavior and capital flows, exchange-rate determination and dynamics, international financial market integration, macroeconomic policy under fixed and floating exchange rates, international policy coordination, and the history of the international monetary system. Special attention is given to the analysis of financial crises. Prerequisite: 512c or instructor’s permission.
WWS 546 American Foreign Policy
David Baldwin
An examination of some of the most vital dilemmas of American foreign policy in the immediate aftermath of the September 11 terrorist attacks and the recent aftermath of the Cold War. Topics include nuclear proliferation, democratization, the rise of China, humanitarian intervention, and AIDS.
WWS 547 The Conduct of International Diplomacy
Amb. Richard Erdman
Offers a comparative look at the making and implementation of policy in the international arena. It explores key concepts and theories concerning national interest, negotiation, strategies of action and influence, crisis management, and conflict resolution, and it applies those concepts via case studies and simulations in diplomacy, trade policy, foreign assistance, and security policy.
WWS 552 Relations Between Industrialized and Developing Countries: Globalization and Development
Staff
Examines the nature of existing economic and political linkages, including trade, foreign aid, debt, investment, and the promotion of democracy and economic liberalization. Attention is also devoted to the role of multilateral institutions, such as the IMF, World Bank, and WTO, in mediating these relations and fostering development. Assesses the interaction of globalization and development and inquires into the normative issues of global justice. Not offered in 2006–07.
WWS 555, 556 Topics in International Relations
Examines particular issues in international relations. Topics vary according to the interests of the students and the instructors. Fall term courses are numbered 555; spring term courses are numbered 556. Recent offerings in the series have included:
WWS 555a Topics in International Relations: Jerusalem: The Contested City: Exploring Options for a Settlement
Amb. Daniel Kurtzer
The most contentious issue dividing Arabs and Israelis, and Muslims, Christians and Jews, is the status of and sovereignty over Jerusalem. Numerous proposals have been put forward for dealing with the most salient contentious issues: preserving religious rights and free access to holy places; security, police and administration of justice; governance and administration; economic activity. Following a visit to Jerusalem in early September for briefings by politicians, academics, religious figures and public personalities, students will examine the proposals for resolving the Jerusalem issue, critique them and make a set of recommendations. Students will work in small teams and present their findings to policymakers at the end of the term. Daniel C. Kurtzer recently retired from the U.S. Foreign Service with the rank of Career-Minister. From 2001–05 he served as the United States Ambassador to Israel and from 1997–2001 as the United States Ambassador to Egypt.
WWS 555b Topics in International Relations: International Justice
Gary J. Bass
Examines the politics and ethics of prosecuting war crimes. The course asks if international law can help to moderate or prevent war, why states sometimes pursue the prosecution of war criminals, and how law shapes and is shaped by international politics. Cases include Nuremberg and the aftermaths of World War I, the Armenian genocide, the Holocaust, the recent wars in ex-Yugoslavia and Iraq, and Al-Qaeda’s terrorism.
WWS 555c Topics in International Relations: Institutional Rhetoric and Reality: Human Rights and World Politics
Emilie Hafner-Burton
The violation of human rights is insidious; while strategies for protection are many, people in every region of the world are repressed. This seminar is designed to prepare students to analyze the causes and consequences of repression and various forms of interventions to promote peace and justice. It applies insights from political science, international law, sociology, and economics to the study of conflicts among peoples competing for power, resources, and autonomy in various political and geographical contexts. Particular attention will be focused on developing the tools necessary to evaluate the design, implementation, and effectiveness of common human rights strategies, including international laws and institutions, multinational business activities, foreign aid and investment, and social movement advocacy.
WWS 555d Topics in International Relations: The Iraq War
Michael O’Hanlon
This seminar will address America’s role in the Iraq War, with a focus on future policy options. It will consider the history of Iraq and its place in American foreign policy before the George W. Bush presidency, as well as broader questions of weapons nonproliferation and the global war on terror. It will deal in turn with Iraq’s history, the decision to invade and ensuing overthrow of the Baathist regime, and the occupation/stabilization phase since Saddam Hussein was deposed.
WWS 556a Topics in International Relations: Designing International Institutions (limited to 16 students)
Robert Keohane, Anne-Marie Slaughter
This course will seek to apply the insights generated by political science research on international regimes to the actual design of international institutions. We will begin with the basics of regime theory, with a particular focus on the fit between different types of cooperation and coordination problems and the type of regime established. Second, we will examine a range of formal and informal regimes, including transgovernmental networks and broader policy networks including corporate and civic actors in the global arena. Third, we will develop normative criteria for judging the success of specific regimes. In the second half, we will ask groups of students to focus on actual regimes in different areas of international politics—the environment, human rights, trade, humanitarian intervention, etc.—and present papers on how the design of these regimes could be improved. These presentations will form the basis of final papers in the course. MPA-J.D. students are particularly encouraged to take the course.
WWS 556c Topics in International Relations: International Strategy
Thomas J. Christensen
Analyzes and compares national security strategies, military doctrine, alliance policies, and foreign economic policy. Examines how international structure, domestic politics, leadership psychology, etc., contribute to policy outcomes. Studies how strategies act as stabilizing or destabilizing influences in the international system. Topics include great power strategies before the two World Wars, American Cold War containment strategy, China’s Cold War strategies, and factors for stability and instability since the end of the Cold War. Not offered in 2006–07.
WWS 556d Topics in International Relations: Protection Against Weapons of Mass Destruction
Frank Von Hippel
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the only significant security threats to the U.S. and its allies have been from nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. Historically, the US focus has oscillated between protection via nonproliferation and disarmament agreements, and via civil and missile defense. The course assesses the threats, both approaches to protection, and linkages made between policies on WMD and perceptions of “conventional” military threats.
WWS 556e Topics in International Relations: Europe, America, and the World
Joschka Fischer, Robert Hutchings, Andrew Moravcsik
Focuses on European and American approaches, both historical and contemporary, to major global trends and challenges. Topics will include the future evolution of European integration, globalization, the greater Middle East and the rise of Asia, development assistance, environmental policy, counter-terrorism and counter-proliferation, the UN and other multilateral organizations, and the promotion of democracy and human rights. Emphasis will be on how to conceptualize new long-term trends in international relations and how the traditional transatlantic partnership can be refashioned for a new era.
WWS 561 The Comparative Political Economy of Development (also POL 523)
Atul Kohli
Analysi of political change and the operation of political institutions in the development process, with emphasis on the interaction of political and economic factors. Various definitions and theories of political development are examined and tested against different economic, ethnic, geographic, and social contexts.
WWS 562b Economic Analysis of Development: Basic
Dean Yang
Introduction to the processes of economic growth and development. Covers a variety of topics including the analysis of various theories of development, public expenditure and taxation, poverty and inequality measurement, and analysis of policies pertaining to trade, commodity pricing, foreign indebtedness, shadow pricing, and project evaluation. Prerequisite: 507b and 511b.
WWS 562c Economic Analysis of Development: Advanced
Anne C. Case
Considers theories and evidence to explain processes of economic development. The course examines new theories of aggregate economic growth, then turns to review the relationship of economic growth, poverty, and inequality, followed by an exploration of leading economic and social institutions, including households and markets for credit, labor, land, and risk. The concluding section takes up ongoing policy debates on education, poverty alleviation, and macroeconomic policy. Prerequisite: 511c.
WWS 565 State Society and Development (also POL 527)
Lynn T. White III
Explores the relation of development to regime types, authority, culture, and social integration. The syllabus includes recent sources, as well as long-standing texts in social theory by such authors as Madison, Marx, Durkheim, Weber, Polanyi, Schattschneider, Huntington, Geertz, W. A. Lewis, and Hirschman. Not offered in 2006–07.
WWS 571, 572 Topics in Development
Courses treat particular issues of economic and social policy of developing nations. Topics vary according to the interests of the students and instructors. Fall term courses are numbered 571; spring term courses are numbered 572. Recent offerings in the series have included:
WWS 571a Topics in Development: Making Schools Effective in Developing Countries
Marlaine Lockheed
This course is designed to help students understand what lessons for improving schools in developing countries can be gleaned from the empirical literature. First, it will review the evidence regarding the quality of education in developing countries. Second, it will consider various models of school effectiveness, and will examine the evidence related to the impact of various school inputs, including teacher quality and school management, on student learning. Finally, it will examine the evidence linking control of schools, including parent and community participation, with better student learning outcomes.
WWS 571b Topics in Development: Development Policy in Africa
Jennifer Widner
An introduction to development policy challenges in Africa. Opens with a brief review of intellectual and practical debates about development policy in the Independence era. Addresses reasons for success or failure of structural adjustment policies, the challenges of institutional reform, and the relationship between accountability and democratization. Finally, examines policy issues, such as cumulative wisdom about war-peace transitions, health policy and the response to HIV/AIDS, and the role of new regional organizations. Assumes some background in the study of Africa. Supplementary readings available for social science Ph.D. students.
WWS 572a Topics in Development: International Disaster Response, Relief, and Recovery
Eric Schwartz
This course will examine the efforts of the international community, and the United Nations and in particular, to respond to humanitarian, recovery and reconstruction challenges posed by both natural and man-made disasters. We will assess the effectiveness of efforts to incorporate early warning and other natural disaster prevention measures into recovery and development planning and practices; the success of the UN’s Office of the Coordinator for Humanitarian Affairs in managing disaster response and the record of humanitarian agencies in providing relief; and the role of the UNDP and other agencies in managing the transition from relief to development.
WWS 572b Topics in Development: Policy Implications of Globalization
Miguel Centeno
Explores the historical background of globalization including previous examples of this phenomenon. Proceeds with an overview of competing contemporary theories of the causes and consequences of globalization. Discusses the types of data required for analysis of the policy implications of globalization and how these can be utilized. Emphasis on the use of transactional data using network analysis. Students will use primary sources and databases in discussions of policy areas including trade, migration, security, media, etc. No formal training in statistics, database management, or networks required.
WWS 572c Topics in Development: Development Ethics
Smitu Kothari
Structured around the belief that the theory and practice of development need to be grounded in a historical, ethical, normative and ecological framework, not measured by economic growth alone. What then defines an ethically grounded development? We address the complex issues of North-South relations, consumption, the social nature of knowledge acquisition and production, our relationship and attitudes to Nature, the “insider” and the “outsider,” and well-being. This course will take you deep into these questions and broaden your understanding about the ethics of development.
WWS 572d Topics in Development: Social Movements and Social Change
Smitu Kothari
This course provides a theoretical and historical background and some analytical tools to better grasp the nature and scope of current social movements in Asia, Latin America and the United States. It offers an overview and an understanding of the struggles of peasants, workers, indigenous peoples, women and others who are reclaiming their commons and demanding greater local autonomy, environmental and gender justice and more accountability from state and other national and global economic actors, while challenging conventionally held beliefs on democracy, ecology and justice. The course also examines the growing linkages between and among local, national and global movements and international advocacy organizations.
WWS 575, 576 Regional and Country Studies in Development
Structural and behavioral characteristics of representative developing economic and political systems. Normally at least one course is offered each year. These courses do not duplicate basic coverage of the history or politics of a country or region provided in the University’s undergraduate curriculum. Fall term courses are numbered 575; spring term courses are numbered 576. Recent offerings in the series have included:
WWS 575a Topics in Regional and Country Studies: Chinese Development (also POL 536)
Lynn T. White
Consideration of policies for political and economic development during modern times, especially since 1949. Topics include traditional politics and agriculture, the revolutionary party, land reform and industrial socialization, tax and investment, the campaign method, the army, and the “four modernizations.” Each subject is discussed in terms that allow comparison with other countries. Not offered in 2006–07.
WWS 575e Topics in Regional and Country Studies: Current Perspectives in Central Asia
Robert P. Finn
Examines the countries of Central Asia in their contemporary context, including Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. It will also focus on the region’s relationship to the U.S., to Russia and to China. Each session will cover a separate country or resource from historical, political and cultural points of view. Extensive reference will be made to post-Soviet politics, energy and drug issues, and the question of Islamic fundamentalism. Not offered in 2006–07.
WWS 581, 582 Topics in Applied Economics
These are courses intended to help students develop skills in the application of economic analysis to problems of policy interest. Fall term courses are numbered 581; spring term courses are numbered 582. Recent offerings in the series have included:
WWS 581c Topics in Economics: Poverty, Inequality and Health in the World (also POP 504)
Angus S. Deaton
Well-being throughout the world, with focus on income and health. Explores what happened to poverty, inequality, and health in the U.S. and internationally. Discusses conceptual foundations of national and global measures of inequality, poverty, and health; construction of measures, and extent to which they can be trusted; relationship between globalization, poverty, and health, historically and currently. Examines links between health and income, why poor people are less healthy and live less long than rich people. Prerequisites: 507 and 511. Not offered in 2006–07.
WWS 582a Topics in Economics: Financial Markets
Swati Bhatt
Examines financial markets from both a theoretical and policy perspective. Topics include modern portfolio theory, financial asset pricing theories such as the Capital Asset Pricing Model, the Arbitrage Pricing Theory and derivative security pricing theories; key issues in corporate finance such as capital budgeting, capital structure and corporate governance. Implications for public policy are emphasized. While modern finance is one of the more technically demanding areas of economics, this course imparts the important concepts without a high level of mathematical rigor; the case format is used extensively. Prerequisite: 511c or instructor’s permission.
WWS 582b Topics in Economics: Environmental and Natural Resource Economics
Smita B. Brunnermeier
Introduces the use of economics in thinking about environmental and natural resource issues. It explores the concepts of market and policy failure, property rights, social cost-benefit analysis and sustainable development, and applies these concepts to problems related to local and transboundary pollution, natural resource management, sustainable development, population policy, and trade and the environment.
WWS 582c Topics in Economics: The Economics of Health (also POP 504)
Adriana Lleras-Muney
Analyzes a wide variety of health care issues from an economic perspective. Course starts a review of basic economic theory, review of basic empirical strategies in health and an overview of the fundamental institutional aspects of health care in the U.S. Some topics covered are: What are the determinants of health? Do drug addicts behave rationally? Do health insurance markets work as other markets? Should the government regulate health care provision and insurance markets? Why have health care costs risen and is it a problem? What have been the effects of managed care? Are physicians paid more than they deserve? Depending on student preferences, additional topics may include: comparison of health care systems across western countries, debate about the proposed Clinton health care reform, etc. Prerequisite: 511b/c
WWS 584 The Use of Science in Environmental Policy
Staff
Designed to improve students’ skill, confidence and judgment in use of science in policy applications. Using case studies, real-world examples, and in-class exercises, the emphasis is on preparing both non-scientists and scientists to use, understand, and critique science in environmental policy applications. Exercises and exams are scaled to the student’s background. Not offered in 2006–07.
WWS 585, 586 Topics in Science, Technology, and Environmental Policy
These courses treat particular issues in science, technology, and environmental policy. Topics vary according to the interests of students and faculty. Fall term courses are numbered 585; spring term courses are numbered 586. Recent offerings in the series have included:
WWS 585a Topics in STEP: Population, Environment and Health (also POP 505)
Burton H. Singer
Focuses on the interrelationships between the demographic structure and dynamics of human populations, their physical and mental health, and the ecological systems with which they interact. Case studies include: agricultural colonization of the Amazon basin of Brazil and the process of urbanization in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; tradeoffs between land use and health; migration, its environmental impact, and the tension between public health and medicine in promoting the health of migrant populations; health consequences of corporate globalization; macroeconomics and health; rice ecosystems and the tradeoffs between agricultural productivity and human health. Not offered in 2006–07.
WWS 585b Topics in STEP: Living in a Greenhouse: Technology and Policy
Robert H. Socolow
Focuses primarily on the challenge of modifying the global energy system to reduce projected global carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere. We will pursue both science/technology and policy in each of five two-week units: 1) The underlying carbon cycle science, and the ways the world has organized to learn more and to communicate results. 2) Energy efficiency, patterns of demand, lifestyles, energy and poverty. 3) Fossil fuels, abundance and depletion, energy security. 4) Carbon capture and storage, policies enabling commercialization, risk assessment. 5) Non-carbon energy in its two forms, nuclear power and renewable energy; subsidies, social preferences. The final two-week unit will be devoted to student reports. Cross-cutting themes include uncertain science, imperfectly discernible costs of future technologies, the limitations of quantification, and the necessity of muddling through.
WWS 586a Topics in STEP: Biotechnology Policy (also MOL 586)
Lee M. Silver
Provides in-depth analysis of selected topics in biotechnology that are currently the focus of intense debate in the public and policy arenas: genetic modification of plants and animals, genetic testing in human populations, stem cells, cloning, and advanced reproductive technologies. Examines topics from the perspective of potential commercial applications, risk/benefit analysis, impact on individuals and society, the viewpoints of supporters and detractors, and the political response in the U.S. and abroad. Open to UG students with instructor’s permission. Not offered in 2006–07.
WWS 586b Topics in STEP: Conservation of Endangered Species and Ecosystems (also EEB 516)
David S. Wilcove
Examines the ways in which science has influenced public policy with respect to both endangered species and ecosystems. Important case studies from different regions of the United States are examined in detail, emphasizing the key scientific studies and how they affected decision-making. Topics include the northern spotted owl and the Clinton administration’s Northwest forest plan, the reintroduction of the gray wolf to Yellowstone National Park, and the conservation of endangered species on private lands. Not offered in 2006–07.
WWS 586d Topics in STEP: Global Environmental Governance
Michael Oppenheimer
Examines international law and governance in the context of environmental problems. Considers the need for regulation under conditions of scientific uncertainty in issues such as climate change, bovine growth hormones, GMOs, fisheries management, biodiversity conservation, and ozone depletion. Explores the efficacy of diverse regulatory approaches, mechanisms for scientific advice to policymakers and participation by business firms and NGOs. Considers intersections between environmental regulation (both domestic and international) with trade, investment, and multilateral development and aid programs. Co-taught with Richard Stewart, New York University School of Law.
WWS 586f Topics in STEP: The Politics of Science and Environment Policy
David Goldston
Examines the complicated intersection of science and politics by analyzing current attitudes toward science in the Executive Branch and the Congress and the consequences of those attitudes for policymaking. The course will also analyze how such attitudes have changed over time, how the changing political treatment of science reflects larger political changes in the federal government, and what might be done to shape the political understanding and application of science in the future. Topics will include specific issues being debated in Congress, including climate change, clean air policy, and forestry policy with an eye toward seeing how issues are increasingly framed as matters of “science,” leading politicians to simultaneously put science “on a pedestal” and attack it. David Goldston was the Chief of Staff, House Committee on Science, from 2001–06.
WWS 587 Research Workshop in Population
Staff
Individual research projects involving demographic analysis related to issues in population policy or, occasionally, participation in the research conducted at the Office of Population Research. Prerequisite: SOC 571/ECO 571.
WWS 591, 592 Policy Workshops
These policy workshops normally involve a group of six to twelve M.P.A. and M.P.P. students working on a specific policy problem under faculty supervision. Students frequently work with original source materials and data. Often the workshop produces a collective report or recommendation. The objective is for students to bring to bear the full range of skills emphasized in the curriculum. Recent workshops in the series have included:
WWS 591a Climate Change, Energy, and Smart Growth
David Kinsey, Denise Mauzerall
In the absence of federal leadership, policy innovations by states, regions, and local governments are beginning to address the issue of climate change. This workshop will wrestle with the energy and land-use connection to develop an updated, smart growth-oriented-climate-action plan for the State of New Jersey and its municipalities. The plan will link infrastructure costs with smart growth, address energy resource issues, and promote compact, mixed-use, and transit-oriented development. The workshop will be explicitly comparative, to examine and learn from the climate-action plans and initiatives of other states and industrial democracies.
WWS 591b Building Councils and Legislatures in Fragile States
Joel Barkan
There is legitimate concern that executive branches often become dominant in fragile states and promote authoritarian rule. In this context it is critical to develop and maintain a system of checks and balances. Elected representatives need technical support for formulating policy positions, but there are no specialized committee structures to provide expertise or to monitor performance. This workshop will develop metrics for assessing legislative performance, distill some recommendations from a study of variation in performance across local councils within a given country or from variation in legislative performance across similar countries, and consider strategies for building new representative bodies.
WWS 591c Managing Elections in Fragile States
Jeff Fischer
Elections often become focal points for violence in divided societies. Their competitive nature and their importance heighten passions. They create targets, whether in the form of candidates, crowds, poll workers, or voters lined up at ballot boxes. From a police perspective, they can also give rise to ambiguous behavior and difficult split-second decisions. Security sector involvement can also create the appearance of partisanship or of threat where police help deliver ballot boxes in insecure territory but where police typically are agents of politicians. This workshop will focus on creating guidelines for maintaining order and highlight innovations worth promoting.
WWS 591d Education in Emergencies
Gonzalo Retamal
This workshop will look at education systems and provision in the context of complex emergencies. We will focus on 1) responding to the humanitarian and psycho-social needs of affected children and youth and 2) contributing to the future economic and human resource development of countries in crisis. We will consider teacher training, incentive structures, institutional capacity building, and curriculum design including elements of psychosocial support and conflict resolution, or non-formal strategies for vulnerable youth groups. The likely client agency will be UNICEF and possibly UNHCR, in a few key countries: Colombia, Kosovo, Liberia and possibly, Haiti.
WWS 591e Pension Reform for Transition Economies and Developing Countries
Eytan Sheshinski
Pensions are policy instruments to prevent poverty in the elderly population and to guarantee welfare levels after retirement. This workshop will consider models of pension reform that are appropriate for transition economies and developing countries, such as the Chilean experience with privately managed pension funds. The World Bank offers an alternate model, based on a multi-pillar system that uses a pooling mechanism to alleviate poverty but relies on a savings mechanism to guarantee consumption smoothing over the life cycle. Designing an optimal regime includes considerations about demographics, labor market characteristics, tax structure, and financial markets development, among others.
WWS 591f Strengthening National Capacities for Fighting Proliferation
Frank von Hippel, Robert Einhorn
This workshop aims to strengthen national capacities to implement UN Security Council resolution 1540, which requires all U.N. member states to put in place effective domestic laws, export controls, physical security measures, and enforcement mechanisms to thwart the proliferation of WMD-related materials and technologies to terrorist groups or other countries. On the basis of readings, discussions with U.S. officials and delegates from foreign missions to the United Nations, and travel to the capitals of key Security Council members, the workshop will develop policy recommendations for making Resolution 1540 a more effective instrument for impeding WMD proliferation.
WWS 591g U.S.-China Relations
Aaron Friedberg
This workshop will examine the strategic implications of China’s recent, rapid economic growth. Among the possible topics for discussion will be: prospects for future growth and political stability; impact of China’s need to import oil and other resources on its defense and foreign policies; the evolution of China’s high-technology defense and dual-use industries; strategic implications of increased economic interaction between China and other actors, including the EU, Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, and the United States; and the potential use of commercial and financial leverage for diplomatic purposes.
WWS 591h The Provision of Mental Services in the Wake of Hurricane Katrina
John Lumpkin, Christina Paxson
This workshop will provide an assessment of the mental health services available to those affected by Hurricane Katrina. We will investigate whether this group has special mental health care needs; whether their mental health care needs are being met; and, if not, what policies or programs would most effectively improve the quality of and access to mental health services. The workshop will examine these issues in New Orleans as well as several other cities with large concentrations of evacuees. It will produce a final report for the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation on initiatives for improving mental health care among Katrina survivors.
WWS 591i Millennium Challenge Corporation
John Gershman
This workshop will focus on MCA compacts and the absorptive capacity of country recipients. At present there are no clear measures of a country’s absorptive capacity in the selection process (administratively or macroeconomically). This workshop will address the following questions: How can MCC make realistic assessments about how much aid a country can absorb before negotiating a compact? What have other donors done to assess this? Are there capacity building elements that might be included in compacts that would increase absorptive capacity? What niche might that capacity fill after the completion of an MCA compact?
WWS 593, 594 Policy Analysis: Selected Topics (Session I; half-term courses)
These courses focus on the analysis of a variety of policy issues. Students can “mix and match” half term courses, either within or across semesters, choosing a combination of two that best suits their interests. Two half-term courses would be the equivalent of one full term course. Fall term courses are numbered 593; spring term courses are numbered 594. Recent offerings in the series have included:
WWS 593a Policy Solutions for Eliminating U.S. Poverty (Session I)
Elizabeth Donahue
This course will examine various policies that have been proposed to decrease poverty in this country: increasing the safety net for those who are unable to work; increasing marriage and decreasing non-marital births; increasing earnings; improving neighborhoods, community centers and education; and offering work supports such as child care and health care. This course is being offered in conjunction with the Future of Children journal. As part of this course, students will actively participate in a two-day writers’ conference on October 12-13, 2006.
WWS 593b Policy Analysis: Reproductive Health and Reproductive Rights (Session II; see POP 504)
WWS 593c Policy Analysis: Public Policy and the Political Economy of Latin America (Session I)
John Londregan
The course will look at issues in political economy that are particularly salient in Latin America: the establishment and preservation of stable democracy, populism, sovereign debt repayment, free trade agreements, income inequality, education, and narcotics trafficking. In each area we will look at what the theoretical literature in economics and politics has to say about the subject, look at some significant cases in Latin America, and discuss policy implications, both from the perspective of policymakers in Latin America, and from the point of view of policymakers in the rest of the world. The subjects will be knit together by the underlying themes of economic development and sustainable democracy.
WWS 593d Policy Analysis: Game Theory and Strategy (Session II)
John Londregan
This course will present some basics about game theory (and perhaps debunk a few myths fostered by the movie “A Beautiful Mind”). While the course will be designed around the structure of game theoretic models, building from the simple ones to the more sophisticated, at each stage the emphasis will be on applications. These include models of oligopoly, bargaining, military conflict, legislative voting, and the design of the rules under which to negotiate, vote, or hold an auction.
WWS 593e Policy Analysis: Surveys and Public Policy (Session I)
Edward Freeland
The aim of the course is to improve students’ abilities to understand and critically evaluate public opinion polls and surveys, particularly as they are used to influence public policy. The course begins with an overview of contrasting perspectives on the role of public opinion in politics. From here we look at the evolution of public opinion polling in the U.S. and other countries. The class will visit a major polling operation to get a firsthand look at how they actually work. We also examine procedures used for designing representative samples and conducting surveys by telephone, mail and the Internet. Students will have the option to (1) write a critical evaluation of a survey or set of surveys related to a particular issue, or (2) design and pretest a questionnaire on a topic that is of interest to them.
WWS 593f Policy Analysis: Inequality and American Democracy (Session II)
Larry Bartels
This course will focus on the political causes and consequences of growing economic inequality in the contemporary U.S. We will consider the effects of public policies (for example, macroeconomic policies, taxes and transfers, and minimum wage laws) on changes in the income distribution. We will examine the politics of redistribution, including shifting class cleavages in the American party system and the ideological and partisan bases of public responses to increasing inequality. Finally, we will assess whether and why the preferences and interests of rich and poor Americans are differentially reflected in the policy-making process.
WWS 593g Financing for Development: What to Do? (Session I)
Anthony Gambino
This course will address the profound challenges faced by field-based donor representatives coping with insufficient resources. How should scarce resources be allocated? What are the tradeoffs, and how do these play out, given differential pressures from headquarters, from within the country, and elsewhere? How does donor coordination really work? What is the effect of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper and process in ensuring more coordination and better development outcomes? Can private sector flows help lessen these problems? Finally, how effective are new approaches, such as the USAID Global Development Alliance and the Millennium Challenge Account, in helping to solve these problems? Tony Gambino MPA ’85 was the USAID Mission Director in the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 2001–04. He now works as an independent consultant.
WWS 593h Measurement under Constraint: Evaluating the Impact of Foreign Aid (Session II)
Jodi Lee Nelson
The international assistance community continues to grapple with how best to demonstrate its impact and effectiveness. With the number of humanitarian crises on the rise, demands for transparency, oversight and accountability are growing. Is it a realistic assumption that development practitioners can provide the evidence of results? From the perspective of an operational NGO, this course will take an in-depth look at the structural context of relief and development aid—its donors, implementers, decision makers and the way that their interaction prevents a coherent effort to create an evidence base for which methodologies work, which don’t and why. Jodi Lee Nelson is the Director of Research and Evaluation for the International Rescue Committee.
WWS 593i Policy Analysis: The Federal Budget (Session I)
James H. Klumpner
Covers how the Federal budget process is supposed to work and how it actually does work. Topics include: (1) institutions, processes, and definitions; (2) history of budget outcomes; (3) the current state of the Federal budget process; (4) the role of uncertainty in budgeting; (4) the role of politics in budgeting; and (5) the budget’s short- and long-term fiscal consequences. Students will be required to take an in-class quiz on budget process and procedures, plus submit a final term paper.
WWS 593j Policy Analysis: State and Local Finance (Session II)
Richard F. Keevey
Examines budgeting and finance at the state and local level of government. Topics include: budget structure and process; decision makers within the political and economic environment; debt, capital planning and bond financing; and revenue structures supporting expenditures. Tax policy and associated tradeoffs between tax equity and efficiency and spending and program needs are also examined. Two case studies are utilized—one related to state and local tax policy and one related to budgetary decision-making.
WWS 594a Reforming the International Financial Institutions (Session I)
Peter Kenen
This course will cover the tasks, governance, financial structure, and actual activities of the International Monetary Fund and World Bank Group. Evaluating their performance and proposals for reform, including those made by their own internal evaluation units. Assessing the potential benefits and costs of granting debt relief to the heavily indebted clients of the Fund and Bank; examining the work of informal bodies, such as the Group of 7, concerned with the oversight of the Fund and Bank and with the management of international monetary and financial problems. Readings will include selections from Fund and Bank documents and from the writings of outsiders, including leading critics of the institutions.
WWS 594b Policy Analysis: Crisis Management (Session II)
Anthony Shorris
This course will explore the challenges faced by public sector decision-makers. Drawing from domestic and international case studies, as well as the perspectives of those who have had to manage crises, the course will explore the issues of risk assessment and crisis avoidance, crisis team management, and post-crisis recovery from political, managerial and psychological perspectives. Not offered in 2006–07.
WWS 594c Policy Analysis: Military Force Planning and Decision Making (Session I)
Michael Meese
This course introduces important issues of conventional force planning and military decision making. It includes discussion of service cultures, doctrines, capabilities, and limitations. The course broadly covers strategy, planning, readiness, force projection, employment, and logistics throughout the spectrum of conflict, including conventional war, the global war on terrorism and peacekeeping operations. Through theoretical and doctrinal readings and examination of selected case studies, the course provides background essential for those involved in the study and practice of national security decision making.
WWS 594 d Policy Analysis: Family Law and Social Policy (Session II)
Elizabeth Donahue
The American family is a highly regulated body. In this course we will examine marriage and family dissolution rules; the impact on children of different family structures; and the family privacy doctrine as it applies to child welfare and procreation. We will debate the role of government regarding families: should state intervention be limited to when families fail to function or dissolve, or should there be a more proactive role of government? In examining this debate, we will look at the impact on different parties—women, men, children, and the state. A Future of Children seminar.
WWS 594e Poverty and Public Policy (Session I)
Sara McLanahan
This course examines poverty in the United States in the last half of the twentieth century. Topics include 1) how poverty is measured and problems with the official measure, 2) trends and differentials in poverty, 3) causes and consequences of poverty, including sociological, economic, and political perspectives, and 4) anti-poverty policies, including cross-national differences in welfare states. (Acceptable as a half-course towards the demography certificate.)
WWS 594f Other Peoples’ Poverty: Lessons from the OECD Countries (Session II)
Alicia Adsera and Katherine Newman
How do patterns of poverty and social exclusion differ in the OECD countries, compared to the U.S.? This course is organized along the lines of the life course, focusing first on poverty and deprivation among the very young, proceeding to problems of education, then examining aspects of family formation/household structure, and labor market participation. We conclude with a discussion of old age poverty. Within each segment, the course explores policy choices made by different kinds of countries (e.g. Nordic social democracies, liberal states, etc.) in dealing with these problems and then asks to what extent the lessons we learn from them are transferable to the U.S. context.
WWS 594g Education Policy (Session I)
Anthony Shorris
This class will examine major policy issues in public education in the US today, including topics such as school financing, reform of school district governance, the role of unions, high-stakes testing, recruiting and managing the teacher labor force, school-based budgeting, and the education of children with special needs. The focus will be on the application of policy tools to the administration of public education. Guests will include senior policy leaders from around the NY-NJ-PA region.
WWS 594h Economics of Education (Session II)
Alan Krueger
This course will consider the economic and educational benefits and costs of various education reforms. The passage of the “No Child Left Behind” Act (NCLB) in January 2002 provides an important watershed event in educational reform. After basic tools and approaches are covered, the course will consider the implementation and effects of the “No Child Left Behind Act.” Other topics to be covered include the rate of return to schooling, vouchers, class size and training.
WWS 594i Policy Analysis: Public Health and Public Policy (Session I)
Elizabeth Armstrong
The philosophy, practice and politics of public health in the U.S. Considers the principles of epidemiology and social, political and institutional forces that shape public health policy; the determinants of health; government’s role in minimizing risks and maximizing well-being; major organizational structures responsible for monitoring, protecting and promoting public health. Topics include environmental and occupational health; emerging infections; food safety; violence; tobacco control; immunization policy and promoting healthy living.
WWS 594j Policy Analysis: Urban Poverty and Health in Developing Countries (Session II)
Mark Montgomery
This course explores poverty and health in the cities of the developing world, with attention to both conventional conceptions of poverty (real income) and more broadly defined ones (social capabilities), including the neighborhood effects that may put slum-dwellers at a particular disadvantage. In the health dimension, emphasis will be given to environmental health and maternal and child health. The course will also explore how urban economic and social factors influence women’s feelings of health self-efficacy.
WWS 594k Policy Analysis: The Development Challenge of HIV/AIDS (Session I)
Keith E. Hansen
Analyzes the HIV/AIDS pandemic as both a cause and consequence of particular development patterns in Africa.
WWS 594m Policy Analysis: Mental Health (Session I)
Burton Singer
International comparative and historical overview of concepts of mental illness and well-being. Evolution of diagnostic criteria for mental illnesses. History of psychiatry and psychoanalysis and the influence of neuroscience on them. Neurobiology of depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer’s disease, and narcotics addiction. Public perceptions of mental illness and their implications for policies pertaining to treatment and prevention programs: cross-national comparisons. Recent discoveries about neurogenesis and their implications for positive mental health and the future of psychiatry. Pharmacological interventions and the tensions between the pharmaceutical industry, the public interest, and government regulation.
WWS 594n Globalization and Infectious Diseases (Session II)
Burton Singer
This course investigates the interrelationships between macro-level political, social, and economic forces and the health of populations. The British and French colonial experiences in Asia and Africa in the 19th and 20th centuries and their implications for human health: case studies of South Africa, the Colonial Malay States, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia), and Kenya and Tanganyika (now Tanzania). Evolutionary origins of bacteria, viruses, and parasites and the influence of ecosystem transformations on the transmission of tuberculosis, malaria, yellow fever, syphillus, gonorrhea, HIV, and a diversity of other infectious diseases. The 1918 influenza pandemic and its lessons for health and social policies today. The impact of contemporary multinational corporations on the health of local populations. Case studies in Chad, Brazil, Russia, and Tanzania. Tradeoffs and conflicts between disease-specific campaigns and systemic support of health systems.
WWS 594o How to Win Elections (Session I)
Mickey Edwards
The most important decisions of American democracy—whether to go to war, how much each citizen will be taxed, who will sit on the Supreme Court, how much support the government will provide to its neediest citizens—ultimately these crucial decisions are made by those relatively few men and women who have been elected to public office. This is a course for those who want to win one of those important decision-making positions, or those who want to learn how to elect others who share their perspectives and their priorities. We will focus on the fundamentals of raising money, organizing precincts, framing campaign messages, getting voters to the polls. We will study real campaigns and discuss the ethics of campaign fundraising, negative advertising. Mickey Edwards served as a Member of Congress from the 5th district of Oklahoma from 1976 to 1992.
WWS 594p Human Security and Development (Session II)
John Gershman
The publication of the Human Security Report in 2005 marks the emergence of human security as a more formal operational policy framework, but it remains an essentially contested concept. This course will explore the ethical, analytical, policy and operational dimensions of several approaches to human security, including the narrowest “freedom from fear” approach. Particular areas of focus will include the “responsibility to protect,” HIV/AIDS, and failed states. Requirements will include a presentation of the readings for one session, a debate, and a 12-15 page paper that either reviews the literature on human security and associated policy implications in one issue area or is a policy memo that crafts a human security rationale for a particular policy position for a government agency, NGO, or multilateral organization.
WWS 594q Policy Analysis: Healthcare in Developing Countries (Session I)
Sharon Maccini
This course examines the process of formulating health policies in developing countries by looking at both theory and practical experience. Topics include: the health sector reform process and implementation, the 1994 Cairo International Conference on Population and Development plan of action and its implementation, and the experience of setting policies for specific health issues. Case studies from several developing countries highlighting their experience in implementing various health policies will be presented.
WWS 595 Psychological Roots of Conflict
Staff
Psychological phenomena often spark or exacerbate conflict, over and above the rational necessities of state security. We examine cognitive biases, emotions, personality traits, and cultural variations that impact on recent and current international crises. We then explore methods of conflict resolution, from institutional design to the selection of leaders. Not offered in 2006-07.
WWS 597 The Political Economy of Health Systems
Uwe E. Reinhardt
Explores the professed and unspoken goals nations pursue with their health systems and the alternative economic and administrative structures different nations use to pursue those goals. The emphasis in the course will be on the industrialized world, although some time can be allocated later in the course to approaches used in the developing countries, depending on student interest.
WWS 598 Epidemiology (also POP 508)
Noreen Goldman
Measurement of health status, illness occurrence, mortality and impact of associated risk factors; techniques for design, analysis and interpretation of epidemiologic research studies; sources of bias and confounding; and causal inference. Also includes foundations of modern epidemiology, the epidemiologic transition, reemergence of infectious disease, social inequalities in health, and ethical issues. Examines the bridging of “individual-centered” epidemiology and “macro-epidemiology” to recognize social, economic and cultural context, assess impacts on populations, and provides important inputs for public health and health policy. Prerequisite: 507b/c or advanced statistics.
WWS 599 Ph.D. Seminar: Research Ethics and Scientific Integrity (Session II; for Ph.D.’s only; also POP 506)
Elizabeth M. Armstrong, Harold T. Shapiro
Examines the ethical issues arising in the context of scientific research. Evaluates the role and responsibilities of professional researchers in dealing with plagiarism, fraud, conflict over authorial credit, and ownership of data. In addition, it undertakes a broader inquiry into conceptions of professional integrity, and the responsibilities that scientists have to their research subjects, to their students and apprentices, as well as to society at large.
WWS 750 Work-Study: Domestic
Staff
Opportunities to integrate formal education with professional practice by working for a domestic public affairs organization. Under the supervision of an official of the organization, the student normally devotes about one day per week to a specific work assignment, assisting in the development of public policy, or in running a government agency. A study component includes four to five class meetings during the semester and preparation of a research paper under the supervision of the work-study instructor.
WWS 751 Work Study: International
Alicia Adsara
Opportunities to integrate formal education with professional practice by working for a public affairs organization. Under the supervision of an official of the organization, the student normally devotes about one day per week to a specific work assignment, assisting in the development of public policy, or in running a government agency. A study component includes 4 to 5 class meetings during the semester and preparation of a research paper under the supervision of the work-study instructor.