Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Chair
Michael A. Celia
Departmental Representative
James A. Smith
Professor
David P. Billington
Michael A. Celia
Peter R. Jaffé
Jean-Hervé Prévost
Ignacio Rodríguez-Iturbe
George W. Scherer
James A. Smith
Erik H. VanMarcke
Eric F. Wood
Associate Professor
Denise L. Mauzerall, also Woodrow Wilson School
Catherine A. Peters
Assistant Professor
Sigrid Adriaenssens
Elie Bou-Zeid
Kelly K. Caylor
Maria Garlock
Branko Glišić
Mark A. Zondlo
Visiting Lecturer
Robert H. Harris
Theodore P. Zoli III
Associated Faculty
Ilhan Aksay, Chemical Engineering
Lars O. Hedin, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton Environmental Institute
Michael G. Littman, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
François Morel, Geosciences
Satish C. Myneni, Geosciences
Guy J. Nordenson, Architecture
Tullis C. Onstott, Geosciences
Jorge L. Sarmiento, Geosciences
Bess B. Ward, Geosciences
Information and Departmental Plan of Study
Requirements for study in the department follow the general requirements for the School of Engineering and Applied Science and the University. See page 460.
The student’s program is planned in consultation with the departmental representative and the program adviser and requires a yearlong thesis, which counts as two courses. With departmental approval, the exceptional student who wishes to go beyond the science and engineering requirements may select other courses to replace some of the required courses in order to add emphasis in another field of engineering or science or to choose more courses in the area of study. Suggested plans of study and areas of concentration are available from the departmental representative.
Study Abroad
Study abroad can be used to enhance and diversify the educational experience of departmental majors. Courses taken during foreign study may be preapproved for credit as departmentals by the department representative. Study abroad has served as a valuable option for junior independent work and in providing research material for the senior thesis. Students considering study abroad should consult with the departmental representative as early as possible.
Programs of Study
The department offers five programs of study: architecture and engineering, environmental engineering, geological engineering, structural engineering, and engineering and the liberal arts. In the freshman year, students should complete all or most of the mathematics and basic science requirements. The student tentatively enters one of these programs at the end of the freshman year. The similarity of sophomore year studies, however, permits the student to enter any of the programs in the junior year. The tentative selection of an area of concentration provides a guide in the selection of supporting electives. All candidates for the B.S.E. degree are required to satisfy the general University and School of Engineering and Applied Science requirements (see page 57). COS 126 should be taken during the freshman year if possible.
Architecture and Engineering. Engineering analysis, particularly for siting of buildings and the design of their structural and environmental systems, is a vital component of contemporary architecture. This program, jointly offered by the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the School of Architecture, presents a unique opportunity to integrate engineering and architectural design by combining the curricula of the two schools. The course of study leading to the B.S.E. degree is designed so that students can plan to do graduate work in architecture or engineering, or to practice engineering in collaboration with architects and planners.
Students interested in this program must choose between two options. In the architecture-focus option, the engineering science and design requirements include a strong emphasis on architecture theory and practice. Students choosing this option select an architectural design project as a senior thesis under the direction of advisers from both the School of Architecture and the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. In the structures-focus option, the engineering science and design requirements include a strong emphasis on relevant courses in civil and environmental engineering. Students choosing this option select a structural design project as a senior thesis. This latter option is accredited by the Engineering Accreditation Commission of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), 111 Market Place, Suite 1050, Baltimore, MD 21202-4012; telephone (410) 347-7700; under the Program in Civil Engineering. Program electives may be selected from courses in architecture, architectural history, civil engineering, or other engineering departments. A certificate is awarded to all students who successfully complete the program.
Architecture and Engineering: Structures Focus
Engineering science and architecture requirement (nine courses):
CEE 205 Mechanics of Solids
ORF 245 Fundamentals of Engineering Statistics
CEE 262A Structures and the Urban Environment
CEE 303 Introduction to Environmental Engineering or CEE 306 Hydrology
CEE 361 Structural Analysis and Introduction to Finite Element Methods
CEE 362 Structural Dynamics in Earthquake Engineering
CEE 364 Materials in Civil Engineering
CEE 365 Soil Mechanics
ARC Junior Independent Work (fall)
Engineering and architectural design requirement (four courses):
CEE 366 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures
CEE 462 Design of Large-Scale Structures: Bridges
CEE 478 Senior Thesis (counts as two courses)
Program elective requirement (four courses):
Students in this program must take ARC 203, ARC 204, and (from the approved list) one ARC course on urbanism and two courses in ART as program electives. For a complete list of courses approved by the program as electives, see the yellow pages brochure, available from the departmental representative and available online at the CEE website.
Architecture and Engineering: Architecture Focus
Engineering science and architecture requirement (10 courses):
CEE 205 Mechanics of Solids
ORF 245 Fundamentals of Engineering Statistics
CEE 262A Structures and the Urban Environment
CEE 361 Structural Analysis and Introduction to Finite-Element Methods
CEE 366 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures
ARC 203 Introduction to Architectural Thinking
ARC 204 Introduction to Architectural Design
ARC Junior Independent Work (fall)
ARC 311 Building Science and Technology: Building Systems or CEE 364 Materials in Civil Engineering
ARC 401 Theories of Housing and Urbanism (or another course on urbanism)
Engineering and architectural design requirement (four courses):
ARC Junior Independent Work (spring)
ARC Senior Independent Work (fall)
ARC 403 Topics in the History and Theory of Architecture
ARC Thesis
Program elective requirement (four courses):
Students in this program must take CEE 462 and (from the approved list) two additional ART courses as program electives. For a complete list of courses approved by the program as electives, see the yellow pages brochure, available from the departmental representative and available online at the CEE website.
Environmental Engineering. This program is designed for students who wish to pursue a career related to the environment, whether in engineering, law, business, public policy, hydrological, or health and epidemiological sciences, and for students who wish to continue on to advanced graduate studies in environmental engineering (or a related earth science discipline). Course work in environmental engineering focuses on analysis of a large range of environmental problems as well as engineering design of innovative solutions to these problems. This is done through a combination of course work in hydrological sciences, chemistry, geochemistry, and biology applied to different environmental settings, and environmental/hydrological engineering design. The program is accredited by the Engineering Accreditation Commission of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), 111 Market Place, Suite 1050, Baltimore, MD 21202-4012; telephone (410) 347-7700; under the Program in Civil Engineering. The environmental engineering curriculum is sufficiently flexible to provide opportunities for students to pursue other certificate programs offered by the University. Students normally take the following courses:
Engineering science requirement (nine courses):
CEE 205 Mechanics of Solids
ORF 245 Fundamentals of Engineering Statistics
CEE 263 Rivers and the Regional Environment
CEE 303 Introduction to Environmental Engineering
CEE 306 Hydrology
CEE 308 Environmental Engineering Lab
CEE 361 Structural Analysis and Introduction to Finite Element Methods
CEE 364 Materials in Civil Engineering or CEE 365 Soil Mechanics
MAE 222 Mechanics of Fluids
Engineering design (four courses):
CEE 471 Introduction to Water Pollution Technology
CEE 477 Engineering Design for Sustainable Development
CEE 478 Senior Thesis (counts as two courses)
Program elective requirement (four courses):
For a complete list of courses approved by the program as electives, see the yellow pages brochure, available from the departmental representative and available online at the CEE website.
Geological Engineering. Geological engineering is the application of science to problems and projects involving the earth, its physical environment, earth materials, and natural resources. The curriculum, offered in cooperation with the Department of Geosciences, is specially designed for the student who wishes to build upon the freshman and sophomore mathematics and engineering courses as a basis for studies in the earth sciences. Typical areas of concentration are water resources, engineering geology, earth resources, geotechnical engineering, geophysics, geochemistry, and atmospheres and oceans. The program is accredited as part of the civil engineering curriculum by the Engineering Accreditation Commission of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), 111 Market Place, Suite 1050, Baltimore, MD 21202-4012; telephone (410) 347-7700. In addition to the general requirements of the School of Engineering and Applied Science, the following courses are required:
Engineering science requirement (nine courses out of 11):
CEE 205 Mechanics of Solids
ORF 245 Fundamentals of Engineering Statistics
CEE 303 Introduction to Environmental Engineering
CEE 306 Hydrology
CEE 308 Environmental Engineering Laboratory or GEO 300 Summer Course in Geologic Field Methods
CEE 361 Structural Analysis and Introduction to Finite Element Methods
GEO 203 Geology
GEO 373 Structural Geology and/or CEE 365 Soil Mechanics
GEO 424 Seismology (also CEE 424) or GEO 418 Environmental Aqueous Geochemistry
MAE 305 Mathematics in Engineering I
Engineering design requirement (four courses):
Any two from: CEE 471 Introduction to Water Pollution Technology, CEE 461 Design of Large-Scale Structures: Buildings, or CEE 477 Engineering Design for Sustainable Development
CEE 478 Senior Thesis (counts as two courses)
Program elective requirement (four courses):
For a complete list of courses approved by the program as electives, see the yellow pages brochure, available from the departmental representative and available online at the CEE website. These include courses in chemistry, economics, engineering, geosciences, mathematics, and physics.
Structural Engineering. Structural engineering is concerned with the analysis and design of civil engineering structures with an emphasis on buildings, bridges, stadiums, dams, and foundations. Particular emphasis is given to the design of these structures to resist earthquake and wind loads. The program is designed to meet the needs of students who are interested in continuing to advanced graduate studies or who plan to go into engineering practice and consulting. It is accredited as part of the civil engineering curriculum by the Engineering Accreditation Commission of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), 111 Market Place, Suite 1050, Baltimore, MD 21202-4012; telephone (410) 347-7700. Its basic aim is the preparation of flexible and innovative graduates who can address the novel problems of modern engineering. Students in this program have the chance to interact directly with some of the best design and consulting companies in structural engineering. Students normally take the following courses:
Engineering science requirement (10 courses):
CEE 205 Mechanics of Solids
ORF 245 Fundamentals of Engineering Statistics
CEE 262A Structures and the Urban Environment
CEE 303 Introduction to Environmental Engineering
CEE 306 Hydrology
Any two from: CEE 308 Environmental Engineering Laboratory, CEE 364 Materials in Civil Engineering, or CEE 365 Soil Mechanics
CEE 361 Structural Analysis and Introduction to Finite Element Methods
CEE 362 Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering
MAE 305 Mathematics in Engineering I or APC 350 Introduction to Differential Equations
Engineering design requirement (four courses):
CEE 366 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures
CEE 462 Design of Large-Scale Structures: Bridges
CEE 478 Senior Thesis (counts as two courses)
Program elective requirement (four courses):
For a complete list of courses approved by the program as electives, see the yellow pages brochure, available from the departmental representative and available online at the CEE website.
Engineering and the Liberal Arts. This program is designed for students who wish to obtain an engineering background as a foundation for a wide range of careers, such as medicine, law, public policy, visual arts, or engineering studies in materials, ethics, or history. Course work in this track should integrate engineering courses in a coherent manner with the topic of interest to the student. The track is designed to be rigorous, yet allow for a wide degree of flexibility in the course of studies.
All students in engineering and the liberal arts must acquire a strong background in mathematics and the basic sciences (eight courses), followed by courses in engineering sciences that stress design and analytical methods in civil and environmental engineering (a minimum of six courses). The program electives should form a coherent sequence of at least four courses in the student’s area of interest, and junior independent research is strongly recommended as a program elective. This is followed by the senior thesis. In the junior independent research and senior thesis, students should relate their topics of interest to engineering problems. Students normally take the following courses:
Engineering Science Requirement (six courses):
A minimum of six CEE courses, of which at least three should be at the 300 level or above. At least one of the 300-level courses has to have a laboratory component.
Program Electives (seven courses):
The electives should include a coherent sequence of at least four courses in the student’s area of interest, three of which should be at the 300 level or above.
The selection of engineering science requirements and electives should form a coherent program of study, which needs to be approved by the program director. At least eight of these courses must be at the 300 level or above. Junior independent research is strongly encouraged.
Senior Thesis
CEE 478 counts as two courses
Materials Science and Engineering. The Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering encourages students to consider the certificate program in materials science and engineering (see the separate listing for that program in this announcement). To obtain a certificate, a student must take two core courses (MSE 301 or CEE 364 and MSE 302), one course in thermodynamics (usually CHE 246), electives from a set of approved courses, and do a senior thesis on a materials-related topic. Typically, civil and environmental engineering students choose electives related to the mechanical properties and durability of materials.
Courses
CEE 102A Engineering in the Modern World (also EGR 102A, MAE 102A) Fall HA
Among the works of concern to engineering are bridges, railroads, power plants, highways, airports, harbors, automobiles, aircraft, computers, and the microchip. Historical analysis provides a basis for studying urban problems by focusing on scientific, political, ethical, and aesthetic aspects in the evolution of engineering over the past two centuries. The precepts and the papers will focus historically on the social and political issues raised by these innovations and how they were shaped by society as well as how they helped shape culture. Two lectures, one preceptorial. M. Littman, D. Billington
CEE 102B Engineering in the Modern World (also EGR 102B, MAE 102B) Fall ST
Among the works of concern to engineering are bridges, railroads, power plants, highways, airports, harbors, automobiles, aircrafts, computers, and the microchip. The laboratory centers on the scientific analyses that are the basis for these major innovations. The experiments are modeled after those carried out by the innovators themselves, whose ideas are explored in the light of the social contexts within which they worked. Two lectures, one three-hour laboratory. M. Littman, D. Billington
CEE 105 Lab in Conservation of Art (also ART 105, EGR 105) Spring ST
This course examines how environmental factors (acid, rain, ice, salts, biota) damage sculpture and monuments made of stone, paintings on wood, and bronze sculptures. It examines campus buildings that illustrate each type of damage and uses a visit to the Cloisters Museum to learn how those medieval buildings are protected. Lectures on structure and properties of materials and mechanisms of attack. Labs include quantifying water movement through stone, damage from freezing and salts, strength of mortars, protective effects of sealants and consolidants, effect of moisture on wood. Two lectures and one three-hour laboratory. G. Scherer
CEE 205 Mechanics of Solids Fall QR
Fundamental principles of solid mechanics. Equilibrium equations, reactions, internal forces, stress, strain, Mohr’s circle, and Hooke’s law. Analysis of the stress and deformation in simple structural members for safe and stable engineering design. Axial force in bars, torsion in shafts, bending and shearing in beams. Deflection of beams, statically interdeterminant problems, and stability of elastic columns, energy, methods, and joint deflection of trusses. Two lectures, one class. Prerequisites: MAT 104, PHY 103. S. Adriaenssens
CEE 208 Mechanics of Fluids (see MAE 222)
CEE 235 Geology (see GEO 203)
CEE 242 The Experience of Modernity: A Survey of Modern Architecture in the West (see ART 242)
CEE 262A Structures and the Urban Environment (also ARC 262A, EGR 262A, URB 262A, ART 262) Spring
Structural engineering as a new art form begun during the Industrial Revolution and flourishing today in long-span bridges, thin-shell concrete vaults, and tall buildings. Through critical analysis of major works, students are introduced to the methods of evaluating structures as an art form. Students study the works and ideas of individual structural artists through their elementary calculations, their builder’s mentality, and their aesthetic imagination, and examine contemporary exemplars that are essential to the understanding of 21st-century structuring of cities with illustrations taken from various cities. Two lectures, one preceptorial. D. Billington, M. Garlock
CEE 262B Structures and the Urban Environment (also ARC 262B, EGR 262B, URB 262B) Spring ST
Structural engineering as a new art form begun during the Industrial Revolution and flourishing today in long-span bridges, thin-shell concrete vaults, and tall buildings. Through laboratory experiments, students study the scientific basis for structural performance and connect external forms to the internal forces in major works of structural engineers. They examine contemporary exemplars that are essential to the understanding of 21st-century structuring of cities with illustrations taken from New York, Boston, and New Orleans and urban areas elsewhere such as Japan, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. Two lectures, one three-hour laboratory. D. Billington, M. Garlock
CEE 263 Rivers and the Regional Environment Fall QR
River basins are the fundamental frameworks for examining the natural environment and its interaction with the works of society. These works, exemplified by major dams, are the basis for the agricultural and industrial development of a modern society. The course will explore the history, science, and engineering of water resource development and the design of large-scale structures related to that development. Two lectures, one preceptorial. D. Billington, J. Smith
CEE 303 Introduction to Environmental Engineering (also ENV 303, URB 303) Spring
The course introduces the students to the basic chemical and physical processes of relevance in environmental engineering. Mass and energy balance and transport concepts are introduced and the chemical principles governing reaction kinetics and phase partitioning are presented. These principles are applied to environmental engineering problems related to water and air pollution. Finally, these local problems are analyzed in the context of global environmental change. Two 90-minute lectures. Prerequisite: CHM 201 or MSE 104 or instructor’s permission. E. Bou-Zeid, M. Celia
CEE 305 Environmental Fluid Mechanics (also GEO 375) Fall
Introduction of the conservation equations frequently used to describe fluid. Students are then exposed to various dynamics that emerge from application of these equations through examples: flow of the atmospheric boundary layer, fluid-structures interactions and flow in urban areas, open channel and river flows, lake dynamics, flow in estuaries, and coastal dynamics. The course concludes with an overview of the effects of stratification and earth rotation on environmental flows and an introduction to large-scale atmospheric and oceanic circulations. Two 90-minute lectures. Prerequisites: MAT 202 and MAE 222 or instructor’s permission. E. Bou-Zeid
CEE 306 Hydrology Spring
Analysis of fundamental processes affecting the dynamics of the hydrologic cycle. These include precipitation, evaporation, infiltration, runoff, and groundwater flow. Governing equations will be developed and applications will be considered for a range of hydrologic systems. Concepts and techniques for design of water projects will also be covered. Three lectures. Prerequisite: MAT 201, may be taken concurrently. R. Muneepeerakul
CEE 308 Environmental Engineering Laboratory Spring
Designed to teach experimental measurement techniques in environmental engineering and their interpretations. Analytical techniques to assess biodegradation of wastes, lake eutrophication, non-point source pollution, and transport of contaminants in surface and groundwater, as well as hydrologic measurements to determine river and groundwater discharges, and soil-moisture dynamics in response to precipitation events will be conducted. One three-hour laboratory plus one lecture per week. Prerequisites: 303 or permission of instructor. P. Jaffé
CEE 323 Modern Solid Mechanics (see MAE 223)
CEE 350 Introduction to Differential Equations (see APC 350)
CEE 360 Physics of the Ocean and Atmosphere (see GEO 361)
CEE 361 Structural Analysis and Introduction to Finite Element Methods (also MAE 325) Fall
Basic concepts of matrix structural analysis. Direct stiffness method. Axial force member. Beam bending member. Formation of element stiffness matrix. Assembling of global stiffness matrix. Introduction of boundary conditions. Solution of linear algebraic equations. Special analysis procedures. The finite element method. Introduction and basic formulation. Plane stress and plane strain problems. Plate bending problems. The use and implementation of structural analysis and finite element computer codes using Mathlab is emphasized throughout the course. Prerequisite: 205 or instructor’s permission. J. Prévost
CEE 362 Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering Fall
Analysis of forces and deformations in structures under dynamic loads. Idealization as discrete parameter systems. Single and multiple degrees of freedom. Response analysis under free vibration, harmonic, impulsive, and random dynamic loads. Time and frequency domains. Earthquake phenomena from the engineering point of view, seismic weaves, and power spectra. Faulting and seismic waves. Measurement of strong ground motion. Influence of geology. The concept of response spectra, structural response to earthquakes, and design criteria. Prerequisite: 361 or instructor’s permission. E. VanMarcke
CEE 364 Materials in Civil Engineering (also ARC 364) Not offered this year
Lectures on structure and properties of building materials including cement, concrete, steel, asphalt, and wood; fracture mechanics; strength testing; mechanisms of deterioration (corrosion, freeze-thaw cycles, pollution). Labs on brittle fracture, heat treatment of steel, strength of concrete, mechanical properties of wood. G. Scherer
CEE 365 Soil Mechanics Spring
General introduction to physical and engineering properties of soils. Soil classification and identification methods. Soil exploration, sampling, and in situ testing techniques. Permeability, seepage, and consolidation phenomena. Bearing capacity equations, stress distributions, and settlements. Slope stability and lateral pressures. Prerequisite: 205 or instructor’s permission. J. Prévost
CEE 366 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Fall
Materials in reinforced concrete. Flexural analysis and design of beams. Shear and diagonal tension in beams. Short columns. Frames. Serviceability. Bond, anchorage, and development length. Slabs. Special topics. Introduction to design of steel structures. Two 90-minute lectures. Prerequisite: 205. M. Garlock
CEE 370 Sedimentology (see GEO 370)
CEE 375, 376 Independent Study Fall, Spring
Independent research in the student’s area of interest. The work must be conducted under the supervision of a faculty member, and must result in a final paper. Open to sophomores and juniors. Permission of adviser and instructor is required.
J. Smith
CEE 417 Environmental Microbiology (see GEO 417)
CEE 424 Introductory Seismology and Oil Exploration (see GEO 424)
CEE 460 Risk Assessment and Management Not offered this year
Fundamentals of integrated risk assessment and risk-based decision analysis. Stochastic models of natural and manmade hazards. Evaluation of failure chances and consequences. Decision criteria; acceptable risk. Risk control based on event tree, fault tree, system reliability, and random processes in space and time. Issues in risk-based regulation, liability, and insurance. Case studies involving energy-related technologies, the environment, civil infrastructure, and financial risk. Prerequisite: ORF 245, MAT 202, or instructor’s permission. E. VanMarcke
CEE 461 Design of Large-Scale Structures: Buildings Fall
The design of large-scale buildings is considered from the conceptual phase up to the final design phase. The following issues are addressed in this course: types of buildings, design codes, design of foundations, choice of different structural systems to resist vertical and horizontal loads, choice between different materials (steel versus concrete), design for wind and earthquake loading, construction management, financial and legal considerations are examined in detail. Several computer codes for analysis and design of buildings are used in this course. Prerequisite: 366 or instructor’s permission. L. Robertson
CEE 462 Design of Large-Scale Structures: Bridges Spring
The design of bridges is considered from the conceptual phase up to the final design phase. The following issues are addressed in this course: types of bridges, design codes, computer modeling of bridges, seismic analysis and design, seismic retrofit design, inspection, maintenance and rehabilitation of bridges, movable bridges, bridge aerodynamics, organization of a typical engineering firm, marketing for engineering work. Several computer codes for analysis and design of bridges are used in this course. Prerequisite: 366 or instructor’s permission. T. Zoli
CEE 471 Introduction to Water Pollution Technology (also GEO 471, URB 471) Fall
An introductin to the science and engineering of water quality management and pollution control in natural systems; fundamentals of biological and chemical transformations in natural waters; identification of sources of pollution; water and wastewater treatment methods; fundamentals of water quality modeling.Two 90-minute lectures and field trips. P. Jaffé
CEE 472 Hydrometeorology and Remote Sensing Spring
The structure and evolution of precipitation systems are examined, including the dynamical and microphysical processes that control the spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation. The fundamentals of remote sensing of aerosols, clouds, and precipitation are introduced. Related topics in hydrology and hydraulics are covered. Three lectures. Prerequisite: instructor’s permission. J. Smith
CEE 474 Special Topics in Civil and Environmental Engineering
A course covering one or more advanced topics in civil and environmental engineering. Subjects may vary from year to year. Three classes. Staff
CEE 477 Engineering Design for Sustainable Development Fall
Students will design several features of a LEED-certified building project in the Princeton area. Features that will be considered include ground source heat pumps; ventilation; photovoltaics (PV); insulation; glazing; green materials; and stormwater management systems, including a green roof, porous parking lots, and the gray water usage. Ventilation will be designed considering the potential for vapor intrusion from volatile contaminants in the soil. Energy software will be used to determine the carbon footprint of alternative designs. Two 90-minute lectures. Prerequisite: 306 or 307 or instructor’s permission.
R. Harris
CEE 478 Senior Thesis Spring
A formal report on research involving analysis, synthesis, and design, directed toward improved understanding and resolution of a significant problem in civil and environmental engineering. The research is conducted under the supervision of a faculty member, and the thesis is defended by the student at a public examination before a faculty committee. The senior thesis is equivalent to a year-long study and is recorded as a double course in the spring. M. Garlock