In the article, the Globe Magazine noted that Li "may just be the most important person for this city's future," and highlighted her achievements at the BHA: "Largely because of her organization... the harbor waters are cleaner than the Charles River. Ninety percent of Greater Boston's ocean beaches, she says, are swimmable for 90 percent of the summer... Li has turned what had been - and could easily have remained - a fairly useless nonprofit of goo-goos into a tenacious political force. Its mission was to make the harbor 'clean, alive, and accessible,' adjectives that were not exactly the first three that came to mind to describe Boston Harbor when Li took over the association in 1991. But all three the harbor now is."

Before entering the WWS, Li was a graduate of Barnard College in 1975, where she majored in Environmental Conservation and Management. She worked as Project Director for the city of Newark, NJ's Air Quality-Transportation Congrol Program, and later become conference coordinator for a national conference or urban environment for the National Urban League, New York City. At WWS, Li concentrated on Field III. After WWS, Li became Executive Asst. to the Commissioner of Public Health in the Massachusets Dept. of Public Health. She assumed her current role of executive director of the BHA in 1991.

To access the complete article, please access the Boston Globe website.

She is pursuing a an MPA from the WWS and a JD from Yale Law School. She graduated in 1998 from Columbia University with a BA summa cum laude in History and election to Phi Beta Kappa.

Now in its seventh year of operation, The Paul & Daisy Soros Fellowships for New Americans have already become one of the most highly sought-after awards for graduate study. Almost 1,000 applicants, who are naturalized citizens, resident aliens, or the children of naturalized citizens, completed applications this year. Thirty Fellows were selected from eighty-four finalists interviewed.

Nusrat's work has focused on empowering poor women and children in the United States and abroad. At the Women's Prison Association & Home, Inc., she worked with women prisoners and their families, and published advocacy manuals currently used by thousands across New York State to protect parents' and children's rights. Nusrat also strengthened programs for children without homes and pregnant women in crisis at Spence-Chapin Services to Families and Children.

Most recently, she designed a campaign, currently in progress, for the Office of the High Representative in Bosnia-Herzegovina to improve local government and promote grass roots empowerment. Nusrat has served as Co-Chair of the Woodrow Wilson Action Committee and is now a board member and editor of the Yale Human Rights and Development Law Journal and an editor of the Yale Journal of Law and Feminism. She intends to pursue a career as a public interest lawyer and women's rights advocate. Nusrat was born in Chicago to emigrants from Bangladesh. Her parents are now naturalized US citizens and reside in Northbrook, Illinois.

For more information about the fellowship, please visit the foundation's website.

Slaughter provides a description of a world in which government officials - police investigators, financial regulators, even judges and legislators - exchange information and coordinate activity across national borders to tackle crime, terrorism, and the routine daily grind of international interactions. National and international judges and regulators can also work closely together to enforce international agreements more effectively than ever before. These networks, which can range from a group of constitutional judges exchanging opinions across borders to more established organizations such as the G8 or the International Association of Insurance Supervisors, make things happen - and they frequently make good things happen. But they are underappreciated and, worse, underused to address the challenges facing the world today.

The modern political world, then, consists of states whose component parts are fast becoming as important as their central leadership. Slaughter not only describes these networks but also sets forth a blueprint for how they can better the world. Despite questions of democratic accountability, this new world order is not one in which some "world government" enforces global dictates. The governments we already have at home are our best hope for tackling the problems we face abroad, in a networked world order.

For more information, please visit the Princeton University Press website.

In late February, Woodrow Wilson School students in the Graduate Policy Workshop "Rapid Urbanization in Tegucigalpa, Honduras," presented the findings and recommendations of their semester-long study of the challenges facing the capital city of Honduras. Representatives from the Tegucigalpa Mayor's office, Inter-American Development Bank, and the World Bank attended the event, engaging the team in a dialogue about the report and potential next steps for implementation of the recommendations crafted by the workshop group.

Members of the workshop included PhD candidate Katherine Bartley; MPA students Mary Derr, Anshuman Malur, Pallavi Nuka, Micah Perlin and Manett Vargas; and MPP students Sanjiv Sahai, James Mejma, and Michael Torrens.

Each fall, six to eight graduate policy workshops are designed to investigate a policy issue for a client or to provide information and analysis to organizations or individuals with expertise in the topic. Each workshop consists of 8 to 10 second-year MPA students who evaluate the policy problem and develop a final report for and/or presentation to the client or experts in this area.

The team's report was well received by those in attendance. At the outset of the discussion, Dona Waleska, Executive Secretary to Mayor Miguel Pastor, invited the team to return to Tegucigalpa, to share their findings and recommendations in a symposium for local officials. She also suggested that the workshop team provide input into the development of Plan Metropoli 2029: a forward looking comprehensive city plan to be drafted by international consultants over the next few years, specifically in the context of water and sewerage infrastructure components.

The objective of the workshop was to provide Mayor Miguel Pastor - Tegucigalpa's current mayor and a likely presidential candidate in Honduras' next general election - with concrete recommendations for practical action to prepare for the expected doubling of the city's population over the next 25 years. The municipality of Tegucigalpa faces topographical, environmental, economic, and institutional factors that constrain its policy options for dealing with projected urban migration and population growth. The main aim of the report and presentation was to refocus the municipality, the government of Honduras, and multilateral support organizations on minimal, realistic preparations to meet this challenge.

The introduction to the workshop report highlights the fundamental difficulty associated with urban planning in the developing country context:

"We strongly believe that the unplanned growth of the city in past decades, and the presence of a majority of its population in informal, unplanned, and under-serviced settlements was not a failure of planning. It was a failure to plan with the realistic conditions of Tegucigalpa in mind - the poverty of its population; the limited availability of long term credit for financing housing and land subdivisions; the limited availability of fiscal and financial resources for infrastructure investments; the limited political will to enforce unrealistic zoning laws, land subdivision regulations, and building codes; and the preponderance of wishful thinking among decision-makers. It is wishful thinking to believe that the city will not grow as fast, that the growth can be regulated and controlled by municipal officials, or that somehow its poverty will not be reflected in its houses or in its infrastructure."

The workshop team traveled to Tegucigalpa in October 2003 at the invitation of the Mayor, interviewed municipal and federal government officials, conducted a number of field trips in the city and its environs, and collected geographic and other data sets from Honduran, U.S., and Japanese sources. Dr. Shlomo Angel, an urban planner who has worked extensively in developing countries in Asia and Latin America, guided the workshop team through the investigation. The team consisted of 5 second-year MPAs, 3 mid-career MPPs, and a PhD demography student, and brought a breadth of practical experience and formal training to bear upon the issues facing Tegucigalpa.

Members of the team conducted demographic and GIS analyses both to understand past trends in migration, age structure, and land use, and to forecast the future growth of population and urban land consumption. Other team members focused on the institutions and on-the-ground realities in the transportation, regulatory, water, sewerage, and solid waste sectors along with open space and human vulnerability.

The team presented the following general recommendations:

- Directed-Growth: Plans for Tegucigalpa's growth should recognize the capacity of the municipal government and avoid the trend of passing additional regulations which cannot be enforced. Rather, the city should identify specific high priority areas for direct intervention, such as protection of key watersheds, while using the provision of infrastructure, such as roads, water, and sewerage to direct new development.

- Regulation: The municipality should reform land subdivision regulations to allow for incremental improvements, which promote less costly development of smaller, very low income plots with a bare minimum level of services. The city should also develop new regulations that provide minimal standards in the construction of low income housing. These minimalist safety regulations should recognize the poverty of many of the city's inhabitants and the conditions in which current informal construction takes place.

- Vulnerability and Open Space: To prevent further settlement on steep slopes or along the flood plain, the municipality should plan for new development on flat lands above the current legal elevation maximum of 1,150 meters. Prevention of further settlement in areas prone to landslides, flooding, and on stream banks can be aided by converting these areas into open spaces, green spaces, and parks.

- Transportation: A physical plan and an investment plan for expanding the secondary road network should be developed to serve new built-up areas with private and pubic transportation. The secondary road plan, as sketched in the report, should be low-cost, pedestrian friendly, and ecologically sensitive.

- Low-Income Housing: Plan Metropoli 2029 should include feasibility studies for three pilot housing projects focused on a new macro-block approach to the development of sites-and-services schemes. This approach uses intermediaries - private developers or civic society groups - for developing land subdivisions.

- Water Supply and Distribution: A feasibility study should be conducted to determine how best to double the water supply and what mechanisms will be used to finance that infrastructure investment. In the meantime, the most straightforward approach to resolving Tegucigalpa's current water supply shortage is to implement effective, market-based, conservation programs for households on the piped network, thereby reducing water usage. To improve water delivery and financing, water authority should be decentralized from the national government to the municipality, later privatized with regulation, and eventually deregulated.

- Sewerage and Solid Waste: Community-based sewerage treatment should be considered as a cost-effective alternative and complement to expansion of formal sewerage infrastructure. Reconstruction of the end-of-pipe sewerage infrastructure destroyed by Hurricane Mitch should also be a priority.

A complete report on the workshop findings and recommendations is available (in .pdf format).

A lifetime advocate of the arts, education and the environment, she was a generous supporter of Princeton University, the WWS, and other organizations. The Harbison Fellowship in Human Resources, a memorial to the late Professor Harbison, provides support each year for a second-year M.P.A. candidate who has worked in fields that were of interest to Professor Harbison.

Josephine K. Harbison was born in Lousiville, KY and graduated from Vassar College, later conducting her graduate studies at the Sorbonne in Paris and the University of Chicago. In 1940, she married Professor Harbison, a labor economist who was a 1934 Princeton University graduate, who died in 1976.

Memorial contributions may be made to the Pennswood Village Employee Educational Assistance Fund, c/o Mr. Don Whitman, Pennswood Village, 1382 Newtown-Langhorne Road, Newtown, PA 18940-2401.

The Solidarity Center is a nonprofit organization that assists workers around the world who are struggling to build democratic and independent trade unions. It works with unions and community groups worldwide to achieve equitable, sustainable, democratic development and to help men and women everywhere stand up for their rights and improve their living and working standards.

Applications from Princeton undergraduates entering their junior or senior year and from graduating seniors will be accepted now through April 12 for the following two internship opportunities in Washington, D.C.:

- For research work on updates to the publication, Justice for All: A Guide to Worker Rights in the Global Economy, and for research on Worker Rights publications and related issues.

- For research on new and existing trade unions in Central Asia, and for help with reporting activities for in-country work in Southeastern Europe and the Newly Independent States.

Applications are due Monday, April 12, at 114 Bendheim Hall, and must include the completed application form (will open a Word document), and the required essays.

For more information, please email Susan Bindig at PIIRS at susanb@princeton.edu.

The article notes that Prof. Deaton and researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology - including Esther Duflo, a Visiting Fellow at the CHW when the project began - conducted a detailed survey of 100 villages in Rajasthan, north India, finding that "vital [healthcare] clinics were closed more than half the time," as a result of chronic absenteeism of doctors and healthcare workers, creating a public health crisis of "startling, damaging dimensions." India has injected more money into its public health system since the 1990s, but doctors and nurses are not showing up for work, creating a market for "amateur" doctors (dubbed by the Times as "quacks") who administer treatments and medicines to the local poor with often disastrous results.

Prof. Deaton with colleagues from MIT will be conducting further research into 100 clinics in 120 villages in India, attempting to monitor doctors' and nurses' attendance, as well as "try chlorinating contaminated well water, fortifying flour with iron to fight anemia and paying parents to have their children immunized."

To access the complete article, please visit the New York Times website. (Readers may have to register with the New York Times online in order to access the article). Please visit the CHW and RPDS websites for more information about these centers and their research.

Ellertson received her Bachelor's degree in biological anthropology from Harvard College. Prior to founding Ibis, Ellertson served as the Director of Reproductive Health for Latin America and the Caribbean at the Population Council's regional office in Mexico. At the Population Council, she developed research projects and programs dedicated to abortion, contraception, sexually transmitted infections, and obstetrics. She wrote or co-authored over 100 book chapters, journal articles, and commissioned reports. Ellertson served on the boards of the Association of Reproductive Health Professionals, the Reproductive Health Technologies Project, and the U.S. Emergency Contraception Hotline. Ellertson was also a Fellow at the Harvard School of Public Health's Center for Population and Development Studies.

Charlotte Ellertson is survived by her husband Paul Hejinian and her 2- and 4- year old daughters, Amy and Marka. A memorial service will be held in April; donations in lieu of flowers may be sent to:

Ibis Reproductive Health

2 Brattle Square

Cambridge MA 02138-3742

Professors Eisgruber and Sager, experts in constitutional law and religious liberty, contend that the case has wrongly been understood as confronting the Supreme Court with an "unappealing choice between two, winner-take-all readings of the Constitution. On one reading, a national pledge exercise venerated by many Americans must be purged of its reference to God to be acceptable in one of its most familiar environments, the public schools. On the other reading, students who find the Pledge's reference to God an affront to their beliefs can be put to the choice of participating in a ritual which includes this affront, or of foregoing the opportunity to affirm allegiance to their country."

According to Eisgruber and Sager, "The Supreme Court must often make hard choices, but the Constitution does not compel it to make this one." They contend that the Constitution permits the government to incorporate religious elements into public ceremonies provided that two conditions are satisfied. "First, the religious elements included in the civil ceremony must be fundamentally non-sectarian; and, second, the government must make available an officially recognized, secular alternative to the religious version of the ceremony."

To illustrate their point, Eisgruber and Sager invoke the constitutional provisions dealing with presidential inaugurals. Article II of the Constitution explicitly gives presidents a choice: they may either swear or affirm that they will uphold the Constitution. Swearing is a religious form of expression; affirming is not. New presidents are thus free to choose whether or not to use religious language to solemnize their promise. "School children surely deserve no less when asked to profess allegiance to their country," say Eisgruber and Sager.

Eisgruber and Sager conclude that "In order for the [School] District's pledge of allegiance ceremony to be constitutional, the District must supply students with an officially recognized, fully secular alternative to its religious formulation of the Pledge." They suggest two possibilities: the secular form of the Pledge "could simply omit" the phrase "under God," or it could "substitute other appropriate language (for example, 'one Nation, of equals, indivisible ')." Because the Elk Grove School District's Pledge ceremony does not currently include any such secular alternative, Eisgruber and Sager urge the Court to hold the policy unconstitutional.

In Newdow, the Supreme Court will review a June 2002 decision by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which held that because the Pledge includes the words "under God," state sponsorship of Pledge ceremonies in the schools amounts to an unconstitutional establishment of religion. The decision spurred a national debate.

Briefs amicus curiae (literally, "friend of the court") are filed by non-parties in important cases to alert the court to views and arguments not raised by the parties. Eisgruber and Sager filed the brief on their own behalf , describing themselves as "teachers and scholars of constitutional law who specialize in the field of religious liberty."

Eisgruber and Sager are at work on a book about religious freedom to be published by the Harvard University Press. The brief represents their own views, not those of the institutions with which they are affiliated.

The complete version of the amicus curiae brief is available online (will open a .pdf).

Hutchings noted that "our country faces a more fluid and complicated set of international alignments than anything we have seen since the formation of the Western alliance system in 1949. We are facing major flux in all the areas of the world that we have traditionally considered vital: US-European relations, East Asia, and of course the Middle East. And we are simultaneously waging a global struggle against terrorism, which can take us into countries and regions traditionally low on our list of priorities."

As such, under Hutchings' leadership the NIC, a center of strategic thinking that reports to the Director of Central Intelligence in his capacity as head of the intelligence community, and prepares National Intelligence Estimates for the President, launched the "NIC 2020" project, which examines the forces that will shape the world of 2020. NIC 2020 focuses on key drivers of global change in areas such as technology and power, the changing nature of warfare, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, climate change, and global responses to American preeminence.

Moreover, Hutchings said, "we are organizing regional workshops on five continents, and drawing on experts from academia, business, governments, foundations, and the scientific community, so that this effort will be truly global and interdisciplinary."

The final stage of the project will be to construct three to four global scenarios, Hutchings told his audience. "Mindful that drivers and regional trends interact in essentially unpredictable ways, we will not even attempt to project the world of 2020 but rather explore multiple 'futures' that meet the standards of plausibility and relevance to policymakers."

Hutchings described three possible scenarios: "Pax Americana," wherein American preeminence leads to a heterogenuous new world order; "Davos-World," the world envisioned by the elites of the annual World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. "Unfettered economic globalization, led by multinational corporations and commercially oriented governments, drives this scenario," Hutchings explained.

The third scenario Hutchings dubbed the "New World Disorder," a "complicated scenario" which is the "inadvertent result of a confluence of unrelated but plausible events that conspire to disrupt the global order."

A transcript of Hutchings speech is available (in .pdf format).

The conference aims to begin an independent discussion of the nature, scope, quality, and impact of Presidential Libraries' programs, and on their development and support. Each library devoted to a U.S. president contains a museum and provides an active series of programs for the general public, such as permanent exhibits, temporary exhibit programs, educational programs, special programs and events for the public, and web pages and electronic access.

"As the number of Presidential Libraries continues to grow, so apparently do the breadth and diversity of their programs addressed or accessible to the public," said Stanley N. Katz, director of CACPS. "It is timely to consider from a public policy perspective the scope, character, quality and impact of these programs and how they are determined, developed, supported and evaluated. This is a new and important way to think about and address culture and the public."

Conference participants will include former elected officials, leading history museum directors, historians highly familiar with Presidential Libraries, experts on the presidency, scholars who have written about the Presidential Library system, and a former archivist of the United States.

The Presidential Library system is made up of ten Presidential Libraries across the U.S., such as the Harry S. Truman Library in Independence, Missouri and the John F. Kennedy Library in Boston, Massachusetts. This nationwide network is administered by the Office of Presidential Libraries, which is part of the U.S. Government's National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). Presidential Libraries are supported through public-private partnerships: NARA appoints a director to a Presidential Library or Museum, and each Library has a 501(c) (3) tax-exempt organization associated with it for the purposes of fundraising and support.

Participants will examine what policies or plans guide the selection and development of Libraries' public programs, and explore whether such policies flow from NARA, or from the Libraries and/or other parties. In addition, participants will examine how public programs are evaluated, for example by NARA, other experts, or by the audiences for which these programs are designed - and how to make programs more interesting to the general public. Further, the CACPS conference will study how Presidential Library programs are funded, and the impact various sources of funding have on the character, content, and accessibility of the programs.

While attendance to the conference is by invitation only, a conference report will be made available to the general public through the CACPS website.

CACPS was formed in 1994 to improve the clarity, accuracy and sophistication of discourse about the nation's artistic and cultural life through research, grants, fellowships, meetings, courses and other programs.

On Friday, April 23 at 1pm in Dodds Auditorium, Robertson Hall, two speakers will present keynote addresses on Iraq, focusing on "The US and Iraq: The Road Ahead." Rend Rahim Francke, Ambassador of Iraq to the United States and founder of the Iraq Foundation, and Brigadier General Jeffrey Schloesser, Assistant Division Commander, 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault), will each present keynote speeches. Anne-Marie Slaughter, Dean of the WWS, will moderate an audience Q&A session with both speakers following their formal remarks.

In addition, Sarah Chayes, a noted former National Public Radio reporter, current Director of the Bakhtar Agriculture and Livestock Cooperative in Kandahar, Afghanistan and recently Field Director of Afghans for Civil Society in Kandahar, will present a keynote address "Assistance to Afghanistan: Not How Much, But How," on Saturday, April 24 at 9:00 a.m., in Bowl 016, Robertson Hall.

Also, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, President of Brazil from 1995-2002 and the current Chair of U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan's Panel of Eminent Persons on Civil Society and U.N. Relationships, will present a keynote address, "The Role of Civil Society in Strengthening Democratic Governance," on Saturday, April 24 at 1:00 p.m. in Dodds Auditorium, Robertson Hall.

Through expert panels and keynote addresses, the 2004 Princeton Colloquium will examine the increasing importance of NGOs and civil society in addressing pressing challenges traditionally within the exclusive purview of governments. It will consider the ways in which NGOs, civil society, public-private partnerships and governments interact, complement, and challenge one another, both domestically and internationally. Two distinct sub-themes - AIDS and nation building - will provide lenses through which to examine the changing roles of NGOs and civil society, and will offer concrete examples with which to frame participants' inquiry.

NGOs and civil society have a critical role in the battle against the AIDS epidemic. Around the globe, NGOs are providing services, medical care and support for AIDS victims. They are lobbying governments to enhance the effectiveness of AIDS policies and they are helping to restore communities most directly affected by the epidemic.

Similarly, NGOs are taking on the ever-increasing task of nation building, particularly in Iraq and Afghanistan. In many areas - such as the provision of local services and the reconstruction of national infrastructure - NGOs are replacing traditional governmental organizations. The Colloquium will evaluate the implications of NGOs' significant involvement in nation building and the effectiveness of public-private partnerships in these efforts.

The complete schedule, keynote and panelist information, and contact information for the 2004 Princeton Colloquium on Public and International affairs is available via the Colloquium website.

The Post published a three-part series of articles adapted from the book highlighting Atkinson's experiences alongside Petraeus, "The Long, Blinding Road to War: Unexpected Challenges Tested Petraeus in Iraq," "Shifting Sands and Shifting Plans: Commander of 101st Finds Rhythm of Battle," and "After Chaos in the Capital, Losses Climbed." (Readers may have to register with the Washington Post online in order to access the articles).

Rick Atkinson was embedded with the 101st Airborne during Operation Iraqi Freedom. The Post noted that "he spent the war at the elbow of [General Petraeus], where he got a commander's view of the combat."

Maj. Gen. Petraeus will be a keynote speaker during the April 23-24 Princeton Colloquium on Public and International Affairs, entitled, "In the Service of All Nations? The Role of NGOs in Global Governance and Society." He will present a talk entitled "A Division Commander's Experience in Iraq," co-sponsored with Newsweek magazine. More information about the Princeton Colloquium and Petraeus' keynote will be available on this webiste in the upcoming days.