Divine Names in the Dead Sea Scrolls

What names are used for God in the Dead Sea Scrolls? How do these correlate with the names in the Bible? How did the authors of the Dead Sea Scrolls pronounce the Tetragram? How many substitutions are there for the Tetragram in the scrolls and what was their purpose? Was there a development of substitutions? If so, why would one substitution fall out of use and be replaced by another?

- J.M. Baumgarten. “A New Qumran Substitute for the Divine Name and Mishnah Sukkah 4.5”, JQR 83,1-2 (1992). 1-5.
- M.J. Bernstein.“Divine Titles and Epithets and the Sources of the Genesis Apocryphon”. JBL 128,2 (2009): 291-310.
- W.H. Brownlee. “The Ineffable Name of God”, BASOR 226 (1977). 39-46.
- G.W. Buchanan. “Some Unfinished Business with the Dead Sea Scrolls”. RQ 13 (1988). 411-20.
- S.T. Byington, “יהוה and אדני ”. JBL 76,1 (1957). 58-9.
- S.S. Cohon. “The Name of God, A Study in Rabbinic Theology”. HUCA 23 (1950-1951). 579-604.
- F.M. Cross, Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973. (esp. 15-20; 44-75).
- M. Dacy. “The Divine Name in Qumran Benedictions”. Australian Journal of Jewish Studies 15 (2001). 6-16.
- J.R. DaVila. “The Name of God at Moriah: An Unpublished Fragment from 4QGenExod-a”. JBL 110,4 (1991). 577-82.
- J.A. Fitzmyer. “The Semitic Background of the New Testament Kyrios title”. in: idem. A Wandering Aramean: Collected Aramaic Essays (SBLMS 25). Missoula, MT: Scholars Press, 1979. 115-42.
- D.N. Freedman. “The Name of the God of Moses”, JBL 79,2 (1960). 151-56. (Reprinted in: J.R. Huddlestun, Divine Commitment and Human Obligation. Selected Writings of David Noel Freedman. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1997. 82-7).
- D.N. Freedman & O’Connor. “יהוה – YHWH”. in: G.J. Botterweck & H. Ringgren (eds.), Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament (vol. v), Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans 1986. 500-21.
- D. Green. “Divine Names: Rabbinic and Qumran Scribal Techniques”. in: L.H. Schiffman, et al. (eds.). The Dead Sea Scrolls. Fifty Years after Their Discovery. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society in cooperation with The Shrine of the Book, Israel Museum, 2000. 497-511.
- R.C.T. Hayward. “El Elyon and the Divine Names in Ben Sira”. in: R. Egger-Wenzel (ed.). Ben Sira’s God. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2002. 180-98.
- A. Hurvitz. “The Post-Biblical Designation "Adon Ha-Kol" and Its Appearance in Psalms 151 of Qumran”. Tarbiz 34 (1965). 224-27 (Heb.).
- J.Z. Lauterbach. “Substitutes for the Tetragrammaton”. PAAJR 2 (1931). 39-67.
- T.N.D. Mettinger. The Dethronement of Sabaoth. Studies in the Shem and Kabod Theologies. Lund, Sweden: CWK Gleerup, 1982.
- P. Nautin. “ Iαώ et Iαωέ ”. in: G. Nahon & C. Touati (eds.). Hommage à Georges Vajda. Louvain: Peeters, 1980. 73-8.
- G.W. Nebe. “Der Buchstabenname Yod als Ersatz des Tetragramms in 4Q511, Fragm. 10 , Zeile 12?”. RQ 12,2 (1986). 283-4.
- D.W. Parry. “4QSam-a and the Tetragrammaton”. in: D.W. Parry & S.D. Ricks (eds.). Current Research and Technological Developments on the Dead Sea Scrolls (STDJ 20). Leiden: Brill, 1996. 106-25.
- D.W. Parry. “Notes on Divine Name Avoidance in Scriptural Units of the Legal Texts of Qumran”. in: M. Bernstein et al. (eds.). Legal Texts and Legal Issues. Proceedings of the Second Meeting of the International Organization for Qumran Studies, Cambridge 1995. Published in Honour of Joseph M. Baumgarten (STDJ 23). Leiden: Brill, 1997. 437-49.
- A. Pietersma. “Kyrios or Tetragram: A Renewed Quest for the Original LXX”. in: A. Pietersma & C. Cox (eds.). De Septuaginta. Studies in Honour of John William Wevers on His Sixty-Fifth Birthday. Mississauga, Ontario: Benben Publications, 1984. 85 – 101.
- D.M. Pike. “The ‘Congregation of YHWH’ in the Bible and at Qumran”. RQ 17 (1996). 233-40.
- M. Reisel. The Mysterious Name of Y.H.W.H. The Tetragrammaton in Connection with the Names of Ehyeh ašer Ehyeh, Hu’Ha’ and Šem Hammephoraš (Studia Semitica Neerlandica 2). Assen: Van Gorcum / Prakke, 1957.
- J.R. Royse. “Philo, Kυριος, and the Tetragrammaton”. in: D.T. Runia et al. (eds.). Heirs of the Septuagint: Philo, Hellenistic Judaism and Early Christianity. Festschrift for Earle Hilgert (Studia Philonica Annual III). Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1991. 167-83.
- M. Rösel. Adonaj – Warum Gott “Herr” gennant wird (FAT 29) Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1999.
- _______.“The Reading and Translation of the Divine Name in the Masoretic Tradition and the Greek Pentateuch”. JSOT 31,4 (2007). 411-28.
- L. H. Schiffman, “The Use of Divine Names”. In: Idem. Sectarian Law in the Dead Sea Scrolls. Courts, Testimony and the Penal Code (BJS 33). Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1983. 133-54.
- J.P. Siegel. “The Employment of Paleo-Hebrew Characters for the Divine Names at Qumran in the Light of Tannaitic Sources”. HUCA 42 (1971). 159-72.
- J.P. Siegel. “The Alexandrians in Jerusalem and their Torah Scroll with Gold Tetragrammata”. IEJ 22 (1972). 39-43.
- P.W. Skehan. “The Divine Name at Qumran in the Masada Scroll and in the Septuagint”. BIOSCS 13 (1980). 14-44.
- H. Stegemann. “Religionsgeschichtliche Erwägungen zu den Gottesbezeichnungen in den Qumrantexten”. In: M. Delcor (ed.). Qumrân: Sa Piété, sa Théologie et son Milieu (BETL 46). Leuven: Ducolt, 1978. 195-217.
- E. Tov. Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts found in the Judean Desert (STDJ 54). Leiden: Brill, 2004 (esp. 218-21; 238-46).
- A. Wolters. “The Tetragrammaton in the Psalms Scroll”. Textus 18 (1995). 87-99.
- F. Zimmermann. “A Suggested Source for Some of the Substitute Names for YHWH”. In: C. Berlin (ed.). Studies in Jewish Bibliography, History and Literature in Honor of I. Edward Kiev. New York: Ktav, 1971. 581-7.

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Aryeh Amihay Department of Religion, 1879 Hall Princeton University Princeton, NJ 08544 aamihay@princeton.edu
Divine Names in the Dead Sea Scrolls What names are used for God in the Dead Sea Scrolls? How do these correlate with the names in the Bible? How did the authors of the Dead Sea Scrolls pronounce the Tetragram? How many substitutions are there for the Tetragram in the scrolls and what was their purpose? Was there a development of substitutions? If so, why would one substitution fall out of use and be replaced by another? - J.M. Baumgarten. “A New Qumran Substitute for the Divine Name and Mishnah Sukkah 4.5”, JQR 83,1-2 (1992). 1-5. - M.J. Bernstein.“Divine Titles and Epithets and the Sources of the Genesis Apocryphon”. JBL 128,2 (2009): 291-310. - W.H. Brownlee. “The Ineffable Name of God”, BASOR 226 (1977). 39-46. - G.W. Buchanan. “Some Unfinished Business with the Dead Sea Scrolls”. RQ 13 (1988). 411-20. - S.T. Byington, “יהוה and אדני ”. JBL 76,1 (1957). 58-9. - S.S. Cohon. “The Name of God, A Study in Rabbinic Theology”. HUCA 23 (1950-1951). 579-604. - F.M. Cross, Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973. (esp. 15-20; 44-75). - M. Dacy. “The Divine Name in Qumran Benedictions”. Australian Journal of Jewish Studies 15 (2001). 6-16. - J.R. DaVila. “The Name of God at Moriah: An Unpublished Fragment from 4QGenExod-a”. JBL 110,4 (1991). 577-82. - J.A. Fitzmyer. “The Semitic Background of the New Testament Kyrios title”. in: idem. A Wandering Aramean: Collected Aramaic Essays (SBLMS 25). Missoula, MT: Scholars Press, 1979. 115-42. - D.N. Freedman. “The Name of the God of Moses”, JBL 79,2 (1960). 151-56. (Reprinted in: J.R. Huddlestun, Divine Commitment and Human Obligation. Selected Writings of David Noel Freedman. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1997. 82-7). - D.N. Freedman & O’Connor. “יהוה – YHWH”. in: G.J. Botterweck & H. Ringgren (eds.), Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament (vol. v), Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans 1986. 500-21. - D. Green. “Divine Names: Rabbinic and Qumran Scribal Techniques”. in: L.H. Schiffman, et al. (eds.). The Dead Sea Scrolls. Fifty Years after Their Discovery. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society in cooperation with The Shrine of the Book, Israel Museum, 2000. 497-511. - R.C.T. Hayward. “El Elyon and the Divine Names in Ben Sira”. in: R. Egger-Wenzel (ed.). Ben Sira’s God. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2002. 180-98. - A. Hurvitz. “The Post-Biblical Designation "Adon Ha-Kol" and Its Appearance in Psalms 151 of Qumran”. Tarbiz 34 (1965). 224-27 (Heb.). - J.Z. Lauterbach. “Substitutes for the Tetragrammaton”. PAAJR 2 (1931). 39-67. - T.N.D. Mettinger. The Dethronement of Sabaoth. Studies in the Shem and Kabod Theologies. Lund, Sweden: CWK Gleerup, 1982. - P. Nautin. “ Iαώ et Iαωέ ”. in: G. Nahon & C. Touati (eds.). Hommage à Georges Vajda. Louvain: Peeters, 1980. 73-8. - G.W. Nebe. “Der Buchstabenname Yod als Ersatz des Tetragramms in 4Q511, Fragm. 10 , Zeile 12?”. RQ 12,2 (1986). 283-4. - D.W. Parry. “4QSam-a and the Tetragrammaton”. in: D.W. Parry & S.D. Ricks (eds.). Current Research and Technological Developments on the Dead Sea Scrolls (STDJ 20). Leiden: Brill, 1996. 106-25. - D.W. Parry. “Notes on Divine Name Avoidance in Scriptural Units of the Legal Texts of Qumran”. in: M. Bernstein et al. (eds.). Legal Texts and Legal Issues. Proceedings of the Second Meeting of the International Organization for Qumran Studies, Cambridge 1995. Published in Honour of Joseph M. Baumgarten (STDJ 23). Leiden: Brill, 1997. 437-49. - A. Pietersma. “Kyrios or Tetragram: A Renewed Quest for the Original LXX”. in: A. Pietersma & C. Cox (eds.). De Septuaginta. Studies in Honour of John William Wevers on His Sixty-Fifth Birthday. Mississauga, Ontario: Benben Publications, 1984. 85 – 101. - D.M. Pike. “The ‘Congregation of YHWH’ in the Bible and at Qumran”. RQ 17 (1996). 233-40. - M. Reisel. The Mysterious Name of Y.H.W.H. The Tetragrammaton in Connection with the Names of Ehyeh ašer Ehyeh, Hu’Ha’ and Šem Hammephoraš (Studia Semitica Neerlandica 2). Assen: Van Gorcum / Prakke, 1957. - J.R. Royse. “Philo, Kυριος, and the Tetragrammaton”. in: D.T. Runia et al. (eds.). Heirs of the Septuagint: Philo, Hellenistic Judaism and Early Christianity. Festschrift for Earle Hilgert (Studia Philonica Annual III). Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1991. 167-83. - M. Rösel. Adonaj – Warum Gott “Herr” gennant wird (FAT 29) Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1999. - _______.“The Reading and Translation of the Divine Name in the Masoretic Tradition and the Greek Pentateuch”. JSOT 31,4 (2007). 411-28. - L. H. Schiffman, “The Use of Divine Names”. In: Idem. Sectarian Law in the Dead Sea Scrolls. Courts, Testimony and the Penal Code (BJS 33). Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1983. 133-54. - J.P. Siegel. “The Employment of Paleo-Hebrew Characters for the Divine Names at Qumran in the Light of Tannaitic Sources”. HUCA 42 (1971). 159-72. - J.P. Siegel. “The Alexandrians in Jerusalem and their Torah Scroll with Gold Tetragrammata”. IEJ 22 (1972). 39-43. - P.W. Skehan. “The Divine Name at Qumran in the Masada Scroll and in the Septuagint”. BIOSCS 13 (1980). 14-44. - H. Stegemann. “Religionsgeschichtliche Erwägungen zu den Gottesbezeichnungen in den Qumrantexten”. In: M. Delcor (ed.). Qumrân: Sa Piété, sa Théologie et son Milieu (BETL 46). Leuven: Ducolt, 1978. 195-217. - E. Tov. Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts found in the Judean Desert (STDJ 54). Leiden: Brill, 2004 (esp. 218-21; 238-46). - A. Wolters. “The Tetragrammaton in the Psalms Scroll”. Textus 18 (1995). 87-99. - F. Zimmermann. “A Suggested Source for Some of the Substitute Names for YHWH”. In: C. Berlin (ed.). Studies in Jewish Bibliography, History and Literature in Honor of I. Edward Kiev. New York: Ktav, 1971. 581-7.		About
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Last updated: May 29th, 2009

Aryeh Amihay