The Origin of Oxygen on Earth:
The Innovation & Evolution of Photosynthetic Water Oxidation Metabolisms
Co-I: T. Wydrzynski (Australian Nat Univ), V. Klimov (Russian Acad Sci)

Instrument Development:
Fast Repetition Rate Fluorometer

Environmental Chemistry:
Role of CO2 in Photosynthetic Water Oxidation
Co-I: Micheal Bender (PU-GEO)

Detection of Biosustainable Energy and Nutrient
Cycling in the Deep Subsurface of Earth and Mars
Indiana-Princeton-Tennessee Astrobiology Institute
PU P-I: T.C. Onstott, Co-Is: S. Myneni, K. Lehmann

Renewable Bio-solar Hydrogen Production from Robust Oxygenic Phototrophs
Co-investigators: E. I. Stiefel, D. A. Bryant, M. Posewitz, E. Hegg, & R. Bidigare