12. Sources for the Qing Dynasty
See:
- Brokaw, Cynthia, and Kai-wing Chow, eds., Printing and Book Culture in Late Imperial China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.
- Cole, James H., Updating Wilkinson: An Annotated Bibliography of
Reference Works on Imperial China Published Since 1973. New York, 1991.
- Cohen, Myron. Kinship, Contract, Community, and State: Anthropological Perspectives on China. Stanford University Press, 2005.
- Crossley, Pamela, et al., eds., Empire at the Margins: Culture Ethnicity, and Frontier in Early Modern China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006.
- Fairbank, John K, & Liu Kuang-ching, eds. The Cambridge History of
China. Vol. 10 & 11. Vol. 10: Late Ch'ing 1800-1870; Vol. 11:
1800-1911. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978 & 1980.
- Kirby, William, Man-houng Lin, James Chin Shih, & David Pietz, eds.
State and Economy in Republican China: Handbook for Scholars. 2 vols.
Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2001. Designed for scholars and
students of twentieth-century China with important materials covering the
Qing-Republican transition. First part surveys the holdings of major Chinese
archives and collections bearing on the economic and business history of
Republican China. Second, it reproduces a series of six sets of original
documents to guide students and scholars through a reading of public and
private documents of the twentieth century. Third, it surveys archives and
documents to encourage research on state and economy issues in non-communist
China.
- Naquin, Susan. Peking: Temples and City Life,1400-1900. Berkeley:
University of California Press, 2000.
- Perdue, Peter. China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Asia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005.
- Qing dai wen ji pian mu fen lei suo yin 清 代 文 集 篇 目 分 類 索 引
(Classified index to collected essays from the Qing dynasty). Compiled in
Taiwan, published by Tai lian guo feng chu ban she 台 聯 國 風 出 版 社 , 1979. An
excellent index to essays on the classics, histories, and many other topics in
the literary collections of Qing scholars.
- Struve, Lynn. The Ming-Qing Conflict, 1619-1683: A Historiography and
Source Guide. Association of Asian Studies Monograph. Ann Arbor:
Association of Asian Studies, 1998. Part 1 gives the 400 year
historiographical record of the Manchu conquest from the early Qing to modern
times; Part 2 presents an annotated bibliography of primary sources in
Chinese, Manchu, Japanese, Korean, and European languages.
- ---, ed. The Qing Formation in World-Historical Time. Cambridge: Harvard East Asian Monographs, 2004.
- Wilkinson, Endymion. The History of Late Imperial China: A Research
Guide. Harvard East Asian Monographs. Cambridge: East Asian Research
Center, Harvard University, 1973.
Index
Part Four: Gazetteers
Part V: Memorials,
Edicts, & Archives
Part One: Qing History
- Kessler, Lawrence D. K'ang-hsi and the Consolidation of Ch'ing Rule,
1661-1684. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976.
- Michael, Franz. The Origin of Manchu Rule in China: Frontier and
Bureaucracy as Interacting Forces in the Chinese Empire. Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins Press, 1942.
- Oxnam, Robert. Ruling From Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Obio
Regency, 1661-1669. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975.
- Rawski, Evelyn. The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial
Institutions. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
- Standaert, Nicolas, ed. Handbook of Christianity in China, Volume One:
635-1800. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2001.
- Struve, Lynn, trans. Voices from the Ming-Qing Cataclysm. New
Haven: Yale University Press, 1993.
- Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction
of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China. 2 vols. Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1985.
- Wang, Chen-main. The Life and Career of Hung Ch'eng-ch'ou (1593-1665):
Public Service in a Time of Dynastic Change. Association for Asian Studies
Monograph. Ann Arbor: Association for Asian Studies, 2000.
- Hummel, Arthur, ed. Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period.
Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1943. Biographies of Abahai,
Ch'en Meng-lei, Cheng Ch'eng-kung, Dorgon, Galdan, Nien Keng-yao, Nurhaci,
Oboi, O-erh-t'ai, Songgotu, T'ung Kuo-ch'i, Wu San-kuei, Yin-chen, Yueh
Chung-ch'i. Taipei: Ch'eng Wen reprint, 1972.
- Lee, Lily Xiao Hong, A.D. Stephanowska, Sue Wiles, & Clara Wing-Chung
Ho. Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women : The Qing Period,
1644-1911. University of Hong Kong Libraries Publications, No 10. Armonk,
N.Y.: M.E.Sharpe, 1998.
- Li Yongpu, Quan guo ge ji zheng xie wen shi zi liao pian mu suo yin
全 國 各 級 政 協 文 史 資 料 篇 目 索 引 (Comprehensive index to Wen-shi tzu-liao
articles: 1960-1990). Peking: Wen-shi chu ban she, 1992. Useful for locating
memoirs by participants in modern Chinese events.
- Spence, Jonathan D. Ts'ao Yin and the K'ang-hsi Emperor: Bondservant
and Master. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966, 1988.
- ---. Emperor of China: Self-Portrait of K'ang-hsi. New York: Knopf,
1974. Paperback edition New York: Vintage, 1975.
For recent information about late imperial archives in China, see:
- Chao Ming-chung, & Li Tso-ming. Zhongguo di er li shi dang an guan
zhi nan 中 國 第 二 歷 史 檔 案 館 指 南 (Guide to the No. 2 Chinese Archives).
Peking: Tang-an chu ban she, 1994. This guide with 800 pages of text plus a
130-page index is a significant expansion of the Archives' 1987 guide.
Published under the auspices of UNESCO as a part of the ICA (International
Council on Archives) guide series to the sources of Asian history.
- Chu Chin-fu, chief compiler. Zhongguo dang an wen xian ci dian 中 國
檔 案 文 獻 辭 典 (Dictionary of Chinese primary sources in archives). Peking:
Zhongguo ren-shi Press, 1994. Annotated bibliographical guide to published
Chinese language primary source materials. Useful for planning historical
research. 3,985 entries arranged chronologically by historical period.
- Guo jia dang an ju 國 家 檔 案 局 (State Archives Bureau), comp. Zhongguo
dang an guan ming lu 中 國 檔 案 館 名 錄 (Directory of Chinese National
Archives). Peking: Dang an chu ban she, 1990. This guide in both Chinese and
English includes an 170-page introduction to Chinese state archives at
national and provincial levels and a 330-page directory of all state archives
at county and district levels.
- Qin Guojing 秦 國 經 . Zhonghua Ming Qing zhen dang zhi nan 中 華 明 清 珍
檔 指 南 (Guide to Chinese Ming-Qing precious archives), Beijing: Jen-min chu ban
she, 1994. This guide was reprinted in May 1996. It is an excellent survey of
Ming-Qing archives both in and outside mainland China and includes a valuable
introduction to the holdings, internal organization, and usefulness of these
archives.
- Ye Wa, & Joseph W. Esherick. Chinese Archives: An Introductory
Guide. China Research Monograph 45. Berkeley: University of California
Press, 1996. In addition the following PRC provincial and municipal archives
have published guides: Shanghai, Beijing, Anhui, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Chongqing
(Sichuan), Heilongjiang, and Liaoning. The Jiangsu Provincial Archives has
published a survey of all institutions whose original documents are kept
there. Some Chinese archival records are available on CD ROM. The State
Archives Bureau plans to publish 130 CD ROMs of archival records in the near
future.
See also:
- Antony, Robert, and Jane Kate Leonard, eds., Dragons, Tigers, and Dogs: Qing Crisis Management and the Boundaries of State Power in Late Imperial China. Ithaca Cornell University Press, 2005.
- Bartlett, Beatrice. "The Ch'ing Central Government Archives: Provenance
and Peregrinations," Committee on East Asian Libraries Bulletin 63
(October 1980): 25-33.
- ---. Monarchs and Ministers: The Grand Council in Mid-Ch'ing China,
1723-1820. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991.
- Elman, Benjamin. A Cultural History of Civil Examinations in Late
Imperial China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.
- Ku, Hung-ting. Grand Secretariat in Ch'ing China : A Chronological
List. Chinese Materials Center, 1980.
- Kutcher, Norman. Mourning in Late Imperial China: Filial Piety and the
State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
- Metzger, Thomas A. The Internal Organization of Ch'ing Bureaucracy:
Legal, Normative, and Communication Aspects. Cambridge: Harvard University
Press, 1973.
- Miyazaki Ichisada. China's Examination Hell: The Civil Service
Examinations of Imperial China. Translated by Conrad Schirokauer. New
Haven: Yale University Press, 1981.
- Pei Huang. Autocracy at Work: A Study of the Yung-cheng Period,
1723-1735. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1974.
- Sun, E-tu Zen. "The Board of Revenue in 19th Century China." Harvard
Journal of Asiatic Studies 24 (1962/63).
- Torbert, Preston M. The Ch'ing Imperial Household Department: A Study
of Its Organization and Principal Functions, 1662-1796. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1977.
- Waley-Cohen, Joanna. Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang,
1758-1820. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991.
- Wang Yeh-chien. "The fiscal importance of the land tax during the Ch'ing
period." Journal of Asian Studies 30 (1971): 829-842.
- Wu, Silas. Communication and Imperial Centrol in China: The Evolution
of the Palace Memorial System, 1693-1735. Cambridge: Harvard University
Press, 1970.
- Bodde, Derk, & Clarence Morris. Law in Imperial China.
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1967.
- Ch'u T'ung-tsu. Local Government in China Under the Ch'ing.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962.
- Hsiao Kung-chuan. Rural China: Imperial Control in the 19th
Century. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960.
- Kim, Hodong. Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864-1877. Stanford University Press, 2004.
- Li, Huaiyin. Village Governance in North China, 1875-1936. Stanford University Press, 2005.
- Reed, Bradley. Talons and Teeth: County Clerks and Runners in the Qing Dynasty. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000.
- Rowe, William T. Saving the World: Chen Hongmou and Elite Consciousness in Eighteenth-Century China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001.
- Shao, Qin. Culturing Modernity: The Nantong Model, 1890-1930. Stanford University Press, 2004.
- Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. "The Evolution of Local Control in Late Imperial
China," pp. 1-25 in Conflict and Control in Late Imperial China. Ed. by
Frederic Wakeman, Jr., & Carolyn Grant. Berkeley: University of California
Press, 1975.
- Wang, Di. Street Culture in Chengdu: Public Space, Urban Commoners, and Local Politics, 1870-1930. Stanford University Press, 2003.
- Watt, John R. The District Magistrate in Late Imperial China. New
York: Columbia University Press, 1972.
- Bai, Qianshen. Fu Shan's World: The Transformation of Chinese Calligraphy in the Seventeenth Century. Cambridge: Harvard East Asian Monographs, 2003.
- Cao Xueqin 曹 雪 芹. The Story of the Stone (Hong lou meng 紅 樓 夢).
Translated by David Hawkes. 5 volumes. New York: Penguin Books, 1973-1986.
- Chang Chung-li. The Chinese Gentry; Studies on Their Role in 19th
Century Chinese Society. Seattle: University Of Washington Press, 1955.
- ---. The Income of the Chinese Gentry. Seattle: University of
Washington Press, 1962.
- Chow, Kai-wing. The Rise of Confucian Ritualism in Late Imperial
China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994.
- ---. Publishing, Culture, and Power in Early Modern China. Stanford University Press, 2004.
- Dott, Brian. Identity Reflections: Pilgramages to Mount Tai in Late Imperial China. Cambridge: Harvard East Asian Monographs, 2005.
- Durand, Pierre-Henri. Lettres at pouvoirs: Un proces litteraire dans la
Chine imperiale. Paris: L'Ecole des hautes etudes en sciences socialies,
1992. Important study of the case of Dai Mingshi 戴 名 世 (1653-1713) and the
circumstances of his execution.
- ---, trans., Recueil de al montagne du Sud par Dai Mingshi. Paris:
Gallimard, 1998. Translation of the work that was charged with lese majeste
and led to Dai's public decapitation in 1713.
- Elman, Benjamin A. From Philosophy To Philology: Social and
Intellectual Aspects of Change in Late Imperial China. Cambridge: Harvard
Council of East Asian Studies, 1984, 1990. 2nd edition, Los Angeles: UCLA Asia Institute Monograph Series, 2001.
- ---. On Their Own Terms: Science in China, 1550-1900. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005.
- Esherick, Joseph, & Mary Rankin, eds. Chinese Local Elites and
Patterns of Dominance. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
- Finnane, Antonia. Speaking of Yangzhou: A Chinese City, 1550-1850. Cambridge: Harvard East Asian Monographs, 2004.
- Guo Qitao. Ritual Opera and Mercantile Lineage: The Confucian Transformation of Popular Culture in Late Imperial Huizhou. Stanford University Press, 2005.
- Guy, R. Kent. The Emperor's Four Treasuries: Scholars and the State in
the Late Ch'ien-lung Era. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987.
- Ho Ping-ti. "The Salt Merchants of Yang-chou: A Study of Commercial
Capitalism in 18th Century China." Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
17 (1954): 130-168.
- Huang, Chin-shing. Philosophy, Philology, and Politics in
Eighteenth-Century China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
- Huang, Martin. Literati and Self-Re/Presentation: Autobiographical
Sensibility in the Eighteenth-Century Chinese Novel. Stanford: Stanford
University Press, 1995.
- Hummel, Arthur, ed. Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period.
Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1943. Valuable collection of biographies of leading Qing figures.
- Judge, Joan. Print and Politics: "Shibao" and the Culture of Reform in
Late Qing China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996.
- Liu, Kwang-Ching, ed. Orthodoxy in Late Imperial China. Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1990.
- Liu, Lydia H. Translingual Practice: Literature, National Culture, and
Translated Modernity--China, 1900-1937. Stanford: Stanford University
Press, 1996.
- Man-Cheong, Iona. The Class of 1761: Examinations, State, and Elites in Eighteenth-Century China. Stanford University Press, 2004.
- Meyer-Fong, Tobie S. Building Culture in Early Qing Yangzhou. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003.
- Nivison, David. The Life and Thought of Chang Hsueh-ch'eng
(1738-1801). Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1966.
- Rankin, Mary. Elite Activism and Political Transformation in China:
Zhejiang Province, 1865-1911. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986.
- Roddy, Stephen. Literati Identity and Its Fictional Representations in
Late Imperial China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998.
- Roy, David, trans. The Plum in the Golden Vase or, Chin P'ing Mei.
Volume One: "The Gathering." Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.
- Spence, Jonathan. Ts'ao Yin and the K'ang-hsi Emperor. Second
edition. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988.
- Teng, Emma. Taiwan's Imagined Geography: Chinese Colonial Travel Writing and Pictures, 1683-1895. Cambridge: Harvard East Asian Monographs, 2004.
- Waley, Arthur. Yuan Mei: Eighteenth Century Poet. London: G. Allen
and Unwin, 1956.
- Wang, David Der-wei, and Shang Wei, eds. Dynastic Crisis and Cultural Innovation: From the Late Ming to the Late Qing and Beyond. Cambridge: Harvard East Asian Monographs, 2005.
- Wu Jingzi 吳 敬 梓. The Scholars (Ru lin wai shi 儒 林 外 史).
Translated by H. Y. & Gladys Yang. New York: Columbia University Press,
1993.
- Bell, Lynda. One Industry, Two Chinas: Silk Filatures and
Peasant-Family Production in Wuxi County, 1865-1937. Stanford: Stanford
University Press, 1999.
- Bello, David. Opium and the Limits of Empire: Drug Prohibition in the Chinese Interior. Cambridge: Harvard East Asian Monographs, 2005.
- Cochran, Sherman, Inventing Nanjing Road: Commercial Culture in Shanghai, 1900-1945. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005.
- Elvin, Mark. The Pattern of the Chinese Past. Stanford: Stanford
University Press, 1973. Chapters on the Qing.
- Grove, Linda, & Christian Daniels, eds., State and Society in
China: Japanese Perspectives on Ming-Qing Social and Economic History.
Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1984.
- Hao, Yen-p'ing The Commercial Revolution in Nineteenth-Century China:
The Rise of Sino-Western Mercantile Capitalism. Berkeley: University of
California Press, 1986.
- Ho Ping-ti. Studies on the Population of China, 1368-1953.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959.
- Johnson, Linda Cooke. Shanghai: From Market Town to Treaty Port,
1074-1858. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995.
- Leonard, Jane Kate, and John Watt, eds., To Achieve Security and Wealth: The Qing Imperial State and the Economy, 1644-1911. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005.
- Madancy, Joyce. The Troublesome Legacy of Commissioner Lin: The Opium Trade and Opium Suppression in Fujian Province. Cambridge: Harvard East Asian Monographs, 2004.
- Mann, Susan. Local Merchants and the Chinese Bureaucracy,
1750-1950. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987.
- Marks, Robert. Tigers, Rice, Silk, and Silt: Environment and Economy in
Late Imperial South China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
- Marme, Michael. Suzhou: Where the Goods of All the Provinces Converge. Stanford University Press, 2005.
- Mazumdar, Sucheta. Sugar and Society in China: Peasants, Technology, and the World Market. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 1998.
- Perkins, Dwight H. Agricultural Development in China, 1368-1969.
Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company, 1969.
- Perkins, Dwight H., ed. China's Modern Economy in Historical
Perspective. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1975.
- Pomeranz, Kenneth. The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and The Making of the Modern World Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.
- Pong, David. Shen Pao-chen and China's Modernization in the Nineteenth
Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
- Rawski, Thomas, & Lillian Li, eds., Chinese History in Economic
Perspective. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.
- Rowe, William. Hankow: Commerce and Society in a Chinese City,
1796-1889. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1984.
- ---. Hankow: Conflict and Community in a Chinese City. Stanford:
Stanford University Press, 1989.
- Rawski, Evelyn S. Agricultural Change and the Peasant Economy of South
China. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1972.
- Skinner, G. William, ed. The City in Late Imperial China. Stanford:
Stanford University Press, 1977.
- Wang Yeh-chien. Land Taxation in Imperial China, 1750-1911.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973.
- Will, Pierre-Eienne, R. Bin Wong, et al. Nourish the People: The State
Civilian Granary System in China, 1650-1850. Ann Arbor: University of
Michigan Center for Chinese Studies, 1991.
- Willmott, W. E., ed. Economic Organization in Chinese Society.
Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1972.
- Wong, J.Y. Deadly Dreams: Opium and the Arrow War (1856-1860) in
China. Cambridge Studies in Chinese History, Literature and Institutions.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
- Wong, R. Bin. China Transformed: Historical Change and the Limits of
European Experience. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997.
- Zelin, Madeline. The Magistrate's Tael: Rationalizing Fiscal Reform in
Eighteenth-Century China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.
- ---, The Merchants of Zigong: Industrial Entrepreneurship in Early Modern China. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006.
- Zheng, Yangwen, The Social Life of Opium in China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
- Bays, Daniel, ed. Christianity in China, from the Eighteenth Century to
the Present. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996.
- Bernhardt, Kathryn. Rents, Taxes, and Peasant Resistance: The Lower
Yangzi Region, 1840-1950. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 1992.
- Cohen, Paul. History in Three Keys: The Boxers As Event, Experience,
and Myth. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998.
- Esherick, Joseph. The Origins of the Boxer Rebellion. Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1987.
- Freedman, Maurice. Chinese Lineage and Society: Fukien and
Kwangtung. New York: Humanities Press, 1966.
- Huang, Philip C. C. The Peasant Economy and Social Change in North
China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1985.
- ---. The Peasant Family and Rural Development in the Yangzi Delta,
1350-1988. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990.
- Lee, James & Cameron Campbell. Fate and Fortune in Rural China:
Social Stratification and Population Behavior in Liaoning 1774-1873.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
- Little, Daniel. Understanding Peasant China. New Haven: Yale
University Press, 1989.
- Perdue, Peter. Exhausting the Earth: State and Peasant in Hunan
1500-1850. Cambridge: Harvard Council on East Asian Studies, 1987.
- Potter, Sulamith Heins, & Jack Potter, China's Peasants: The
Anthropology of a Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
- Reardon-Anderson, James. Reluctant Pioneers: China's Expansion Northward, 1644-1937. Stanford Unversity Press, 2005.
- Skinner, G. W. "Marketing and Social Structure in Rural China (Part I)."
Journal of Asian Studies 24 (1964): 3-43
- ---. "Chinese Peasants and the Closed Community: An Open and Shut Case."
Comparative Studies in Society and History 13 (1971) : 270-281
- Smith, Arthur H. Village Life in China: A Study in Sociology. New
York: F.H. Revell Company, 1899.
- Wolf, Margery. The House of Lim. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts,
1968.
- Guy, R. Kent. The Emperor's Four Treasuries: Scholars and the State in
the Late Ch'ien-lung Era. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987.
- Hummel, Arthur, ed. Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period.
Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1943. Biographies of A-kuei,
Chang Kuang-ssu, Chang T'ing-yu Ch'ang-ling, E-le-teng-pao, Fu-k'ang-an, Ho
Shen, Hung-li, Hung Liang-chi, Le-pao, Li Ch'ang-keng, Na-yen-ch'eng, Pi Yuan,
Shu-ho-te, Sun Hsing-yen, Sun Shih-i, Te-leng-t'ai, Wang Ch'ang, Ying-ho,
Yung-yen.
- Kahn, Harold L. Monarchy in the Emperor's Eyes: Image and Reality in
the Ch'ien-lung Reign. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971.
- Naquin, Susan, & Evelyn Rawski. Chinese Society in the Eighteenth
Century. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987.
- Nivison, David S. "Ho-shen and His Accusers: Ideology and Political
Behavior in the 18th Century," pp. 209-243 in David Nivison & Arthur
Wright ed. Confucianism in Action. Stanford, Stanford University Press,
1959.
- Spence, Jonathan. Ts'ao Yin and the K'ang-hsi Emperor. New Haven:
Yale University Press, 1966, 1988.
- Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. "High Ch'ing, 1683-1839," pp. 1-281 in James B.
Crowley, ed. Modern East Asia. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World,
1970.
- ---. The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order
in Seventeenth-century China. Berkeley: University of California Press,
1985.
- Ben-Dor, Zvi Benite. The Dao of Muhammad: A Cultural History of Muslims in Late Imperial China.. Cambridge: Harvard East Asian Monographs, 2005.
- Black, Alison H. Man and Nature in the Philosophical Thought of Wang
Fu-chih. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1989.
- Chin, Ann-ping, & Mansfield Freeman, trans. Tai Chen On
Mencius. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990.
- Chow, Kai-wing. The Rise of Confucian Ritualism in Late Imperial
China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994.
- Durand, Pierre-Henri. Lettres et pouvoirs: Un proces litteraire dans la
Chine imperiale. Paris: L'Ecole des Hautes Etudes en sciences socialies,
1992.
- Elman, Benjamin A. Classicism, Politics and Kinship: The Ch'ang-chou
School of New Text Confucianism in Late Imperial China. Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1990.
- ---. From Philosophy to Philology: Social and Intellectual Aspects of
Change in Late Imperial China. Cambridge: Harvard University Council on
East Asian Studies, 1984, 1990.
- ---. On Their Own Terms: Science in China, 1550-1900. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005.
- John Ewell, trans. Re-Inventing the Way: Dai Zhen's "Evidential
Commentary on the Meanings of Terms in Mencius." Ann Arbor: University of
Michigan, 1990.
- Henderson, John B. Scripture, Canon and Commentary: A Comparison of
Confucian and Western Exegesis. Princeton: Princeton University Press,
1991.
- ---. The Development and Decline of Chinese Cosmology. New York:
Columbia University Press, 1984.
- Hummel, Arthur, ed. Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period.
Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1943. Biographies of Chi Yun,
Chang Hsueh-ch'eng, Huang Tsung-hsi, Hui Tung, Ku Yen-wu, Liu Feng-lu, Mao
Ch'i-ling, Tai Chen, Ts'ui Shu, Tuan Yu-ts'ai, Wang Fu-chih, Yen Jo-chu.
- Levenson, Joseph R. Confucian China and Its Modern Fate: A Trilogy.
Volume I, Part One, "The Tone of Early-Modern Chinese Intellectual Culture"
(The Abortiveness of Empiricism; The Amateur Ideal). Berkeley: University of
California Press, 1965.
- Liang Ch'i-ch'ao. Intellectual Trends in the Ch'ing Period. Parts I
& II. Translated by Immanuel C. Y. Hs? Cambridge: Harvard University
Press, 1959.
- Liu, Lydia. The Clash of Empires: The Invention of China in Modern World Making. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004.
- Metzger, Thomas A. Escape From Predicament: Neo-Confucianism and
China's Evolving Political Culture. New York: Columbia University Press,
1977.
- Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. "The Price of Autonomy: Intellectuals in Ming and
Ch'ing Politics," Daedalus (Spring 1972): 35-70.
- Wilhelm, Hellmutt. "Chinese Confucianism on the Eve of the Great
Encounter," pp. 283-310 in Marius Jansen, ed. Changing Japanese Attitudes
Toward Modernization. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965.
- MONUMENTA SERICA MONOGRAPH SERIES, Vol. XXXV: "Western Learning" and
Christianity in China: The Contribution and Impact of Johann Adam Schall von
Bell (1592?666), edited by Roman Malek, s.v.d.Institut Monumenta Serica
and China-Zentrum, Sankt Augustin: Steyler Verlag, Nettetal 1998, 2 vols.,
1259 pp. Illustr. ISBN 3-8050-0409-5 ISSN 0179-261X
This collection presents the proceedings of the international conference
in Sankt Augustin held in 1992, commemorating the four hundredth anniversary
of the birth of Johann Adam Schall von Bell, s.j. All articles are printed
in their original language, i.e., English, Chinese, German and French.
Additional contributions on the subject have been included. The book is
supplemented with summaries in English and Chinese, as well as with numerous
illustrations, a bibliography, and a general index with a glossary.
- Introduction: Roman Malek, Johann Adam Schall von Bell and His 1992
Anniversary;
- I. Johann Adam Schall von Bell: The Person and His Context: Peter Hans
Kolvenbach, Johann Adam Schall von Bell--A Jesuit; Arnold Sprenger, Johann
Adam Schall𠏋 Educational Foundation and the Intellectual Climate of His
Time; Lu Yao, Three Issues on Johann Adam Schall von Bell; Claudia von
Collani, Johann Adam Schall von Bell: Weltbild und Weltchronologie in der
Chinamission im 17. Jahrhundert; Ma Biao, Johann Adam Schall and Chinese
Traditional Philosophy; John W. Witek, Johann Adam Schall von Bell and the
Transition from the Ming to the Ch㠙ng Dynasty; Liu Mengxi, Johann Adam
Schall𠏋 Role in the Reform Period; Hao Zhenhua, Johann Adam Schall and the
First Dutch Diplomatic Mission to the Qing Empire; Giovanni Stary,
Mandschurische Inschriften und Zeugnisse zu Johann Adam Schall von Bell;
Edward J. Malatesta, The Lost Sheep of Adam Schall. Reflections on the Past
and Present of the Shala Cemetery;
- II. Johann Adam Schall von Bell and His Chinese Contemporaries: Albert
Chan, Johann Adam Schall in T𠿟n Ch㠙en𠏋 Pei-yu lu and in the Eyes of His
Contemporaries; Chen Min-sun, Johann Adam Schall, Hs?Kuang-ch㠙, and Li
T㠙en-ching; Eugenio Menegon, Yang Guangxian𠏋 Opposition to Johann Adam
Schall: Christianity and Western Science in His Work Bu de yi; Ren Dayuan,
Philippe Wang Zheng: A Scientist, Philosopher, and Catholic in Ming Dynasty
China;
- III. Johann Adam Schall von Bell--Astrology, Astronomy, and Calendar:
Claudia von Collani, Theologie und Astronomie in China; Tiziana Lippiello,
Astronomy and Astrology: Johann Adam Schall von Bell; Huang Yi-Long,
East頟est Cultural Confrontation and Compromise in Early Ch㠙ng China. A Case
Study on Johann Adam Schall𠏋 Civil Calendars; Zhang Dawei, The "Calendar
Case" in the Early Qing Dynasty Re-examined; Jiang Xiaoyuan, Johann Adam
Schall von Bell and the Ptolomaic Astronomy in China; Keizo Hashimoto,
Johann Adam Schall and Astronomical Works on Star Mappings; Gu Ning, Johann
Adam Schall von Bell and His Horizontal Sundial of the New Western Calendar;
Minako Debergh, Les cartes astronomiques des missionaires J廥uites en Chine:
de Johann Adam Schall von Bell, Ignaz K鐷ler et leurs filiations en Cor嶪 et
au Japon; Yi Shitong, Newly Found Astronomical Instruments Concerning Johann
Adam Schall von Bell; Nicole Halsberghe, Quotations from the Works of Johann
Adam Schall in the Yixiang zhi of Ferdinand Verbiest; Jean-Claude Martzloff,
Notes on Planetary Theories in Giacomo Rho𠏋 Wuwei lizhi;
- IV. "Western Learning" in China--The Contribution of Johann Adam Schall
von Bell: Benjamin A. Elman, The "Chinese Sciences" in Policy Questions from
Confucian Civil Examinations During the Late Ming; Catherine Jami,
Mathematical Knowledge in the Chongzhen lishu; Pan Jixing, Johann Adam
Schall von Bell and the Spread of Georgius Agricola𠏋 De re metallica in Late
Ming China; Zhang Zhishan, Johann Adam Schall von Bell and His Book On
Telescopes; Sun Xi, Johann Adam Schall von Bell und die westlichen
�Feuerwaffen" in China; Isaia Iannaccone, The Geyuan baxian biao
(Trigonometric Tables) and Some Remarks about the Scientific Collaboration
between Schall von Bell, Rho, and Schreck; Yang Xiaohong, Die Haltung der
chinesischen Intellektuellen zur Xixue (Westliche Lehre) am Ende der Ming-
und Anfang der Qing-Dynastie. Ein Vergleich zwischen Matteo Ricci und Johann
Adam Schall im Hinblick auf ihre Methode der �Evangelisierung durch
Wissenschaft"; Zhang Xiao, Modern Scientific Culture Introduced into China
by Catholic Missionaries During the Ming and the Ch㠙ng Dynasties;
- V. The Religious Writings and Activities of Johann Adam Schall von Bell:
Chen Song, Johann Adam Schall von Bell in China: "Propagating Catholicism
Through Academic Activities"; Adrian Dudink, The Religious Works Composed by
Johann Adam Schall, Especially His Zhuzhi qunzheng and His Efforts to
Convert the Last Ming Emperor; Zhao Pushan, Johann Adam Schall and His Work
Zhuzhi qunzheng; Xiao Liangqiong, Schall and His Chinese Work Zhuzhi
qunzheng; Angelo S. Lazzarotto, Wide Apostolic Concern of Johann Adam
Schall; Horst Rzepkowski, Der Beitrag von Johann Adam Schall von Bell zur
einheimischen christlichen Kunst;
- VI. Johann Adam Schall von Bell as a Literary and Iconographic Figure:
Gregory Blue, Johann Adam Schall and the Jesuit Mission in Vondel𠏋 Zungchin;
Adrian Hsia, Der literarische Beitrag zur Darstellung der Jesuitenmission in
China, insbesondere des Wirkens von Johann Adam Schall von Bell; Chang
Sheng-ching, Das Portr酹 von Johann Adam Schall von Bell in Athanasius
Kirchers China illustrata;
- VII: Johann Adam Schall von Bell: Reception and Impact: Hao Guiyuan, The
Differences and Similarities of Thought and Culture between China and the
West Reflected in Works Written by Jesuits in Chinese in the Early Period;
Yang Yi, Johann Adam Schall𠏋 Writings in China; Wang Bing, An Introduction
of Some Chinese Records and Researches on Johann Adam Schall von Bell𠏋
Scientific Activities; Yoshida Tadashi, The Works of Johann Adam Schall von
Bell in Tokugawa Japan; Gu Weimin; Erl酳terungen und Forschungen zu Johann
Adam Schall von Bell in China im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert; Tatjana A. Pang,
Russian Evidence of Johann Adam Schall von Bell;
- VIII. The Encounter of Europe and China: Other Examples: Noel Golvers,
The Development of the Confucius Sinarum Philosophus Reconsidered in the
Light of New Material; Rita Widmaier, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz?Streben nach
Harmonie zwischen China und Europa; Gerlinde Gild, The Introduction of
European Musical Theory during the Early Qing Dynasty. The Achievements of
Thomas Pereira and Theodorico Pedrini; Paul Shan, Science and Faith in China
Today.
Part Two: Biographic
Information
Read:
- Twitchett, Dennis. " Chinese Biographical Writing," pp. 95-114 in Beasley,
W.G., & E.G. Pulleyblank, Historians of China and Japan. London:
Oxford University Press, 1961.
- Wilkinson, Endymion. The History of Imperial China: A Research
Guide. Cambridge: East Asian Research Center of Harvard University, 1973,
pp. 94-105. Other articles in English on Chinese biographies are cited on p.
97.
- Fang Chao-ying & Tu Lien-che, Index to 33 Ch'ing Biographic
Collections (San shi san zhong Qing dai zhuan ji zong he yin de 三 十 三 種 清
代 傳 記 綜 合 引 得). Harvard Yenching Index. See Wilkinson, Endymion. The
History of Imperial China: A Research Guide. Cambridge: East Asian
Research Center of Harvard University, 1973, p. 104. This is a good place to
go for the list of these 33 biographic collections. Teng, Ssu-yu, & Knight
Biggerstaff. An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Chinese Reference
Works. Third Edition. Harvard-Yenching Institute Series. Cambridge:
Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 181.
- Hakki tsushi retsuden sakuin 八 旗 通 志 列 傳 索 引 (Index to biographies
in the Pa-ch'i tong-chih). Tokyo, 1965. (1790 edition of this work on the
Eight Banners). Teng, Ssu-yu, & Knight Biggerstaff. An Annotated
Bibliography of Selected Chinese Reference Works. Third Edition.
Harvard-Yenching Institute Series. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971,
p. 182.
- Qing shi 清 史 index to biographies, in last volume, Taipei edition.
- Painters: Biographies of Ch'ing Dynasty Painters in Three
Collections (Qing hua zhuan ji yi san zhong fu yin de 清 畫 傳 集 義 三 種
附 引 得) Harvard Yenching Index. Teng, Ssu-yu, & Knight Biggerstaff. An
Annotated Bibliography of Selected Chinese Reference Works. Third Edition.
Harvard-Yenching Institute Series. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971,
p. 185.
- Hummel, Arthur, ed. Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period.
Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1943. Index. See Index to 33 Qing
Collections, above.
- Li Huan 李 桓, Guo chao qi xian lei zheng chu bian 國 朝 耆 獻 類 徵 初 編,
24 vols. Reprinted. (Described in Ho Ping-ti. Ladder of Success in Late
Imperial China: Aspects of Social Mobility 1368-1911. New York: Columbia
University Press, 1962, p. 95.
- Qing dai qi bai ming ren zhuan 清 代 七 百 名 人 傳 (Biographies of 700
men of the Qing period). 1937. Has useful appendices, including classification
by native place.
- Qing dai hua shi 清 代 畫 史 (History of Qing painters). 8,000
Ming-Qing artists, biographies. 1970 Taipei reprint.
- Qing shi 清 史, Lie zhuan 列 傳 section.
- All gazetteers have several sections for biography, giving information on
famous native sons of the area, and of famous officals who served there.
- Many biographic collections were compiled based on native place, e.g.
"Famous natives of T'ung-ch'eng county, Anhwei" etc.
- These give biographic information, and often quote the subject's written
works (esp. memorials)
- Gu Tinglong 顧 廷 龍 . Zhongguo li dai ren wu nian pu kao lu 中 國 歷 代 人
物 年 譜 考 錄 . Beijing: Zhonghua Bookstore, 1992.
- Lai Xinxia 來 新 夏 , compiler. Jin san bai nian ren wen nian pu zhi jian lu
近 三 百 年 人 文 年 譜 知 見 錄. Shanghai, People's Press, 1983.
- Union catalog of Chinese genealogies by the Shanghai Library. It now has 60,000 items. It will be published by Shanghai gu ji chu ban she in book form in late 2006. Data will be available online free after a decent interval to allow the publisher to recoup its investment.
- Wang Baoxian, Li dai ming ren nian pu zong mu 歷 代 名 人 年 譜 總 目.
Index to nian pu. See Wilkinson, Endymion. The History of Imperial China: A
Research Guide. Cambridge: East Asian Research Center of Harvard
University, 1973, p. 101.
- Chen Naiqian 陳 乃 乾, Qing dai bei zhuan wen tong jian 清 代 碑 傳 文 通 檢
(Peking, 1959; Taipei reprint under slightly different title) See Wilkinson,
Endymion. The History of Imperial China: A Research Guide. Cambridge:
East Asian Research Center of Harvard University, 1973, p. 104; Teng, Ssu-yu,
& Knight Biggerstaff. An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Chinese
Reference Works. Third Edition. Harvard-Yenching Institute Series.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 182).
- Jiang Liangfu 姜 亮 夫, Li dai ren wu nian li bei zhuan zong biao 歷 代
人 物 年 里 碑 傳 總 表. Shanghai, 1959. See Wilkinson, Endymion. The History of
Imperial China: A Research Guide. Cambridge: East Asian Research Center of
Harvard University, 1973, p. 100.
- Wilkinson, Endymion. The History of Imperial China: A Research
Guide. Cambridge: East Asian Research Center of Harvard University, 1973,
pp. 94-95.
- See Nathan, Andrew. Modern China 1840-1972: An Introduction to Sources
and Research Aids. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of
Michigan, 1973, pp. 27-28.
- For lists of degree-holders, see Teng, Ssu-yu, & Knight Biggerstaff.
An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Chinese Reference Works. Third
Edition. Harvard-Yenching Institute Series. Cambridge: Harvard University
Press, 1971, pp. 175-76. Available for entire Qing for jin shi 進 士. See
Wilkinson, Endymion. The History of Imperial China: A Research Guide.
Cambridge: East Asian Research Center of Harvard University, 1973, p. 105.
Some ju ren 舉 人, gong sheng 貢 生, and sheng yuan 生 員 lists
exist. See Ho Ping-ti, Ladder of Success in Late Imperial China: Aspects of
Social Mobility 1368-1911. New York: Columbia University Press, 1962, p.
xi. Gazetteers also give names (and sometimes other information) of degree
holders.
- For lists of office holders, Qing shi has tables for many top posts
listed in chronological sequence. Local gazetteers list names of office
holders, though these lists are frequently incomplete. Chin-shen
ch'uan-shu, regularly issued lists of office holders. See Metzger, Thomas.
Internal Organization of Ch'ing Bureaucracy: Legal, Normative, and
Communication Aspects. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973, pp. 49,
154.
- Gu Tinglong 顧 廷 龍 . Zhongguo li dai ren wu nian pu kao lu 中 國 歷 代 人
物 年 譜 考 錄 . Beijing: Zhonghua Bookstore, 1992.
- Telford, Ted, et al., compilers. Chinese Genealogies of the
Genealogical Society of Utah: An Annotated Bibliography. Taipei: Chung Wen
Publishing House, 1983.
- Japanese translation: Kindo shuppansha 近 藤 出 版 社 , 1988.
- Taga Akigoro 多 賀 秋 五 郎 . Sofu no kenkyu 宗 譜 の 研 究 (A study of
genealogies). Tokyo: Toyo bunko, 1960. LOOK THROUGH.
- van der Sprenkel, "Geneological Registers," pp. 83-98, in Donald Leslie,
C. Mackerras, & Wang Gungwu eds. Essays on the Sources for Chinese
History. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1973.
- Zhao Zhenchi 趙 振 績 , & Chen Meigui 陳 美 桂 , compilers. Taiwan qu zu
pu mu lu 台 灣 區 族 譜 目 錄 (Catalog of genealogies from Taiwan). Taipei, 1987.
- See also the following catalogs from Libraries with Asian collections:
Library of Congress, Columbia University, Morman Genealogical Library.
Part Three: Government
Administration
- Ma Fengchen. Qing dai xing zheng zhi du yan jiu can kao shu mu 清 代
行 政 制 度 研 究 參 考 書目, 1935. See Wilkinson, Endymion. The History of Imperial
China: A Research Guide. Cambridge: East Asian Research Center of Harvard
University, 1973, p. 135.
- Brunnert, H. S., & V. V. Hagelstrom. Present Day Political
Organization of China. Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh, 1912. Basic for
government posts.
- E-tu Zen Sun, Ch'ing Administrative Terms: A Translation of Terminology
of the Six Boards with Explanatory Notes. Cambridge: Harvard University
Press, 1961.
Read about edition, contents in:
- Wilkinson, Endymion. The History of Imperial China: A Research
Guide. Cambridge: East Asian Research Center of Harvard University, 1973.
pp. 134-35.
- Fairbank, John K. Ch'ing Documents: An Introductory Syllabus. Third
Edition, revised and enlarged. Harvard East Asian Monograph. Cambridge: East
Asia Research Center, Harvard University, pp. 575-76.
- Preston, C. F. "Constitutional Law of the Chinese Empire," China
Review 6 (1877-78): 13-29.
- Metzger, Thomas A. The Internal Organization of Ch'ing Bureaucracy:
Legal, Normative, and Communication Aspects. Cambridge: Harvard University
Press, 1973, pp. 212-221.
a. Provincial regulations:
- Chen, Fu-mei Chang. "Provincial Documents of Laws and Regulations in the
Ch'ing Period," Ch'ing-shih wen-t'i 3:6 (1976): 28-48.
b.
Board regulations [Such-and-such a board's ze li 則 例]
- 19th century editions exist for all the boards (Punishments?)
- Board of Civil Office 1790, 1820, 1843, 1872 See Metzger, Thomas A. The
Internal Organization of Ch'ing Bureaucracy: Legal, Normative, and
Communication Aspects. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973, pp. 352
ff.
- Board of Revenue 1776, 1796, 1838, 1851, 1865
- Board of Rites 1845
- Board of Works 1798, 18??
- Regulations for other government departments:
- Grain Tribute administration 1845
- Green Standard Army 1801, 1825
- Imperial Clan Court 1812, 1840
- Mongolian Superintendancey 1789, 1817, 1841, 1891, 1908
c. Salt
Monopoly:
- Changlu 1726, 1805
- Hedong 1727
- Liang huai 1693, 1728, 1748, 1806, 1892, 1904
- Liang zhe 1729
- Shandong 1725
- Sichuan 1883
d. Administrative punishments statutes [chu fen ze li 處 分 則 例]
- Much incorporated in legal code
- For the Six Boards: Liu bu chu fen ze li 六 部 處 分 則 例, 1828, 1869,
1887
- See Metzger, Thomas A. The Internal Organization of Ch'ing Bureaucracy:
Legal, Normative, and Communication Aspects. Cambridge: Harvard University
Press, 1973, pp. 350-56.
- READ: Wilkinson, Endymion. The History of Imperial China: A Research
Guide. Cambridge: East Asian Research Center of Harvard University, 1973,
pp. 138-39.
- Derk Bodde, "Legal Sources," pp. 99-103 in Donald Leslie, C. Mackerras,
& Wang Gungwu eds. Essays on the Sources for Chinese History.
Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1973.
- Best Chinese edition of the Code to buy (Complete and annotated):
- Du li cun yi 讀 例 存 疑 (See Wilkinson, Endymion. The History of
Imperial China: A Research Guide. Cambridge: East Asian Research Center of
Harvard University, 1973. p. 139)
- For case books: Xing an hui lan 刑 案 會 覽. See Bodde, Derk, & Clarence
Morris, Law in Imperial China. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967.
Columbia University has digitized their 1902 version of the 30 vol. Xing an xin bian 刑 案 新 編, available without restrictions from their catalog.
- For recent studies, see above, Legal History.
- READ Wilkinson, Endymion. The History of Imperial China: A Research
Guide. Cambridge: East Asian Research Center of Harvard University, 1973,
pp. 135-36.
- Look at sample: "[Instructions to magistrates]" Qin ban zhou xian shi
yi 欽 版 州 縣 事 宜
- Brook, Timothy. Geographical Sources of Ming-Qing History. Ann
Arbor: University of Michigan, 1988.
- Wilkinson, Endymion. "Chinese Merchant Manuals and Route Books."
Ch'ing-shih wen-t'i 2:9 (1973): 8-34.
- Wilkinson, Endymion. The History of Imperial China: A Research
Guide. Cambridge: East Asian Research Center of Harvard University, 1973,
pp. 122-24.
- These are less useful for the Qing since they are excerpts from sources
that survive in full (especially the Hui dian 會 典 Dong hua lu 東
華 錄 Sheng xun 聖 訓 etc.
- See Wilkinson, Endymion. The History of Imperial China: A Research
Guide. Cambridge: East Asian Research Center of Harvard University, 1973
for the four Qing encyclopedias in the "Ten T'ung" 十 通 set, pp. 126-28
- The Gu jin tu shu ji cheng 古 今 圖 書 集 成 (1725) which uses more
primary sources, is good. There is an index by Lionel Giles (1911).
- Huang chao tong dian 皇 朝 通 典 (to 1785)
- Huang chao tong zhi 皇 朝 通 志 (to 1785)
- Huang chao wen xian tong kao 皇 朝 文 獻 通 考 (to 1785)
- Huang chao xu wen xian tong kao 皇 朝 續 文 獻 通 考 (1786-1911)
- Indexes to 1936 Commercial Press editions
- Huang chao zhang gu hui bian 皇 朝 掌 故 匯 編 (1902) in same tradition
- For other encyclopedias, see Wilkinson, Endymion. The History of
Imperial China: A Research Guide. Cambridge: East Asian Research Center of
Harvard University, 1973, pp. 162-69; Teng, Ssu-yu, & Knight Biggerstaff.
An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Chinese Reference Works. Third
Edition. Harvard-Yenching Institute Series. Cambridge: Harvard University
Press, 1971, pp. 94-95.
- Fairbank, John K. Ch'ing Documents: An Introductory Syllabus. 3rd
edition. Cambridge: East Asian Research Center of Harvard University,
1970, pp. 84-92.
- Huang chao jing shi wen bian 皇 朝 經 世 文 編. 1825. This collection is
discussed in:
- Jin dai Zhongguo yan jiu wei yuan hui 近 代 中 國 研 究 委 員 會, Jing shi wen
bian zong mu lu 經 世 文 編 總 目 錄 (Complete indexes to Jing shi wen bian).
- Metzger, Thomas A. The Internal Organization of Ch'ing Bureaucracy:
Legal, Normative, and Communication Aspects. Cambridge: Harvard University
Press, 1973, pp. 26-27.
- Mitchell, Peter. A Further Note on the Huang chao jing shi wen bian.
Ch'ing-shih wen-t'i 2:3 (1970): 40-46.
- Teng, Ssu-yu, & Knight Biggerstaff. An Annotated Bibliography of
Selected Chinese Reference Works. Third Edition. Harvard-Yenching
Institute Series. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971, pp. 119-122.
- Wakeman, Frederic. "The Huang chao jing shi wen bian." Ch'ing-shih
wen-t'i 清 史 問 題 1:10 (1969): 8-22.
- Wilkinson, Endymion. The History of Imperial China: A Research
Guide. Cambridge: East Asian Research Center of Harvard University, 1973,
pp. 159-63.
- Water control:
- Bibliography by Mao Nai-wen. Cited in Wilkinson, Endymion. The
History of Imperial China: A Research Guide. Cambridge: East Asian
Research Center of Harvard University, 1973, p. 163.
- Needham, Science and Civilization, IV:3 pp. 211-378
- For works on rivers, dikes, canals: Reprint series (Taiwan), Zhongguo
shui li yao ji zong bian 中 國 水 力 要 紀 叢 編
- Agricultural treatises:
- Wang Yu-hu. Zhongguo nong xue shu lu. Shanghai, 1964. Cited in
Wilkinson, Endymion. The History of Imperial China: A Research Guide.
Cambridge: East Asian Research Center of Harvard University, 1973, p. 159.
- Almanacs are often useful for agricultural information
- Technology: Sun translation of Tian gong kai wu 天 工 開 物 (1637) -
Chinese Technology in the 17th century. University Park: Pennsylvania
State University, 1966.
- Chen, Fu-mei Chang, & R. Myers, "Customary Law and the Economic Growth
of China during the Ch'ing Period," CSWT 3:5 (1976) 1-32.
- Fu Yiling, Ming Qing nong cun she hui jing ji 明 清 農 村 社 會 經 濟
(Peking, 1961) See Wilkinson, Endymion. The History of Imperial China: A
Research Guide. Cambridge: East Asian Research Center of Harvard
University, 1973, p. 158.
- Yuji Muramatsu, Kindai Konan no sosan: Chugoku jinushi seido no
kenkyu (Landlord bursaries of the lower Yangtze delta region in recent
times: studies of the Chinese landlord system). Tokyo, 1970.
- Wilkinson, Endymion. The History of Imperial China: A Research
Guide. Cambridge: East Asian Research Center of Harvard University, 1973,
pp. 158-59.
- Manchu sources are most useful for: Early Qing period (and late Ming);
affairs concerning Manchus, Mongols, & problems of the north and northwest
frontier for the 17th and 18th centuries.
- Bartlett, Beatrice. "Books of Revelations: The Importance of the Manchu
Language Archival Record Books for Research on Ch'ing History," Late
Imperial China 6, 2 (December 1985): 25-34.
- Crossley, Pamela. Orphan Warriors: Three Manchu Generations and the End
of the Qing World. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990.
- ---, A Transluscent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1999.
- ---, & Evelyn Rawski. "A Profile of the Manchu Language in Ch'ing
History," HJAS 53, 1 (1993): 63-102.
- Elliot, Mark C. The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001.
- Farquar, David M. "Emperor as Bodhisattva in the Governance of the Ch'ing Empire." Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 38(1):5-34, 1978.
- Fletcher, Joseph. "Manchu Sources," pp. 141-46 in Donald Leslie, C.
Mackerras, & Wang Gungwu eds. Essays on the Sources for Chinese
History. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1973..
- Li Hsueh-chih. "Manchu Sources in Taiwan," CSWT 1:5 (1967): 2-6.
- Millward, James A. Beyond the Pass : Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in
Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864. Hardcover - 450 pages. Stanford University
Press, 1998; ISBN: 0804729336.
- Nobuo, Kanda. "The Present State of Preservation of Manchu Literature,"
Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko 26 (1968): 63-95.
- Rawski, Evelyn. The Last Emperors: A Social History of the Qing Imperial Institution. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1998.
- Rhoads, Edward. Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861-1928. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2000.
- Catalogs exist for Manchu materials in the Library of Congress, Peking
National Library, National Museum, Toyo Bunko.
- Grand Council archives at the National Palace Museum have a lot of Manchu
documents; Published: Lao Man wen yuan dang 老 滿 文 原 檔 (Annals for
reigns of Nurhaci & Abahai)
- Demieville, Paul. "Chang Hsueh-ch'eng and His Historiography," pp. 167-185
in Beasley, W.G., & E.G. Pulleyblank. Historians of China and
Japan. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
- Hummel, Arthur, ed. Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period.
Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1943.
- Ho Yu-shen. "(Ch'ing) Historians and their Major Works," pp. 121-44 in his
Elements of Chinese Historiography. Holleywood: W.M. Hawley, 1955.
(Taipei reprint).
- Naito Torajiro. Shina shigaku shi 支 那 史 學 史 (History of Chinese
Historiography), (Tokyo 1949).
- Struve, Lynn. "Uses of History in Traditional Chinese Society: The
Southern Ming in Ch'ing Historiography," PhD dissertation, 1974. Michigan.
- ---. The Southern Ming 1644-1662. New Haven: Yale University Press,
1984.
- ---, ed. and trans. Voices from the Ming-Qing Cataclysm. New Haven:
Yale University Press, 1993.
- Provincial and district level archives: Read Wilkinson, Endymion. The
History of Imperial China: A Research Guide. Cambridge: East Asian
Research Center of Harvard University, 1973, pp. 156-58.
- China: Many of the compendia published since 1949 have used local
materials, particularly those edited by provincial or district level
historical associations. See Feuerwerker & Cheng, passim, for this.
- Guangdong province: 19th century. By chance preserved in London. See David
Pong. A Critical Guide to the Kwangtung Provincial Archives Deposited at
the Public Record Office of London. Harvard, 1975.
- Other communications between the Chinese in Canton and the British have
also been preserved in London. Read Dilip K. Basu, "Ch'ing Documents Abroad:
From the Public Record Office in London," Ch'ing-shi wen-t'i 2:8 (1972)
3-30. Also: Chang Hsin-pao and Eric Grinstead, "Chinese Documents of the
British Embassy in Peking, 1793-1911," JAS 22 (1963) 354-56.
- Jiangsu: Wu Hsu archives. Letters and documents from Wu while he served as
taotai in Jiangsu in the 1850s-60s. Some of these have been published. See
F&C, pp. 83-84 for a description.
- Hong Kong: New Territories. Formerly part of Hsin-an district, since 1898
part of Hong Kong. Good materials from 1899-1905 on land surveys and
settlement of titles. (Not, strictly speaking, Chinese language archives.) See
James Hayes, "Rural Society and Economy in Late Ch'ing: A Case Study of the
New Territories of Hong Kong (Kwangtung)" CSWT 3:5 (1976) 33-71. Note also:
A Catalog of Kwangtung Land Records in the Taiwan Branch of the National
Central Library. Taipei, 1975.
- Taiwan: Tamsui-Hsinchu Archives. Legal materials, 19th century. See Wang
Shih-ch'ing & William Speidel, "An Introduction to Resources for the Study
of Taiwan History," Ch'ing-shi wen-t'i 3:6 (1976) p. 100. See also
David Buxbaum, "Some Aspects of Civil Procedure and Practice at the Trial
Level in Tamsui and Hsinchu from 1789-1896," JAS 30 (1971) 255-79. The
materials have been microfilmed and are widely available.
- Taiwan: archives of the Governor Liu Ming-ch'uan, 1876-1895
- Originals are in the Taiwan Provincial Museum. Two versions have been
published. See Wang and Speidel article, p. 101.
- Russia: For Chinese language materials (seemingly central government,
Kuang-hsu reign) in the Institute of Oriental Studies, see HJAS 1:2 (1936)
264, for a summary of an article (in Russian) on the non-Buddhist part of the
Chinese manuscripts in this institute. Documents mentioned include:
"autobiographical notes" written by Kuo Sung-t'ao and reports by other
governors.
- Xujiahui cang shu lou Ming Qing Tian zhu jiao wen xian 徐 家 匯 藏 書 樓
明 清 天 主 教 文 獻 (Archives of Catholicism in Ming-Qing China from the
Hsu-chia-hui [in Shanghai] Repository of Books), compiled and edited by
Nicolas Standaert, Ad Dudink, Yi-long Huang, Pingyi Chu. Taipei: Fu-ren
University Divinity School, 1996.
- Local level materials appear to be part of the Tsung-li Yamen archives on
missionaries and Christians, now being published in Taiwan.
Gazetteers also exist for Sung, Yuan, Ming and Republican periods. See
Chin En-hui and Hu Shu-chao, eds., Zhongguo di fang zhi zong mu ti yao
中 國 地 方 志 綜 目 提 要 (General digest of Chinese gazetteers). 3 vols (Taipei:
Han-mei t'u-shu yu-hsien kung-ssu, 1996), which lists 8577 gazetteers
geographically, with information on authorship, dating and contents.
Read:
- Introduction to Irick catalog of gazetter reprints.
- Leslie, Donald. "Local Gazetteers, " pp. 71-74 in Donald Leslie, C.
Mackerras, & Wang Gungwu eds. Essays on the Sources for Chinese
History. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1973.
- Nathan, Andrew J. Modern China, 1840-1972: An Introduction to Sources
and Research Aids, Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, The University
of Michigan, 1973, pp. 61-62.
- Pritchard, Earl H. "Traditional Chinese Historiography and Local
Histories," pp. 202-216 in H.V. White, ed. The Uses of History: Essays in
Intellectual and Social History. Detroit: Wayne State University Press,
1968.
- Wilkinson, Endymion. The History of Imperial China: A Research
Guide, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973, pp. 114-119.
- Will, Pierre-Etienne. Chinese Local Gazetteers: An Historical and
Practical Introduction. Number 3 of Notes de Recherche du Centre Chine.
Paris: EHESS, 1992. This can be ordered through: Centre Chine, 54 Bd. Raspail,
75006 Paris, FRANCE. Large portions of this were copied by Harriet T.
Zurndorfer in her China Bibliography: A Research Guide to Reference Works
about China Past and Present. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1995.
Other
good works:
- Chang Kuo-kan. Zhongguo gu fang zhi kao 中 國 古 方 志 考 Shanghai, 1962.
See Wilkinson, Endymion. The History of Imperial China: A Research
Guide. Cambridge: East Asian Research Center of Harvard University, 1973,
p. 116.
- Demieville, Paul. "Chang Hsueh-ch'eng and His Historiography," pp. 167-85
in Beasley, W.G. & E.G. Pulleyblank, Historians of China and Japan.
London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
- Dow, Francis D. M. A Study of Chiangsu and Chechiang Gazetteers of the
Ming. Canberra: Australian National University. Department of Far Eastern
History, 1969.
- Myers, R.H. "The Usefulness of Local Gazetteers for the Study of Modern
Chinese Economic History: Szechwan during the Ch'ing and Republican Periods,"
Ch'ing-hua hsueh-pao 6: (1967): 72-102.
- Nivison, David S. The Life and Thought of Chang Hsueh-ch'eng
(1738-1801). Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1966, pp. 213-244.
To locate gazetteers:
- General Works
- Chu Shih-chia, Zhongguo de fang zhi zong lu zeng ding 中 國 地 方 志 綜
錄 增 訂. Revised and enlarged version of his 1935 work, Shanghai 1958;
reprinted, Taipei, Tokyo.
- Ming dynasty: Wolfgang Franke, An Introduction to the Sources of Ming
History Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press, 1968, pp. 242-309.
Lists all extant Ming gazetteeers.
- Sung-Yuan: Song Yuan di fang zhi san shi qi zhong 宋 元 地 方 志 三 十 七
種. Taipei: Kuo-t'ai wen-hua shi-yeh yu-hsien-kung-ssu, 1980.
- Wilkinson, Endymion. The History of Imperial China: A Research
Guide, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973, p. 117; Teng, Ssu-yu,
& Knight Biggerstaff. An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Chinese
Reference Works. Third Edition. Harvard-Yenching Institute Series.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 53; Feuerwerker, Albert, &
S. Cheng. Chinese Communist Studies of Modern Chinese History.
Harvard East Asian Monograph. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961, p.
240.
- Reprint projects are now in progress in Taiwan & China. See
catalogs.
- Taiwan, Japan, Europe
- Taiwan: Taiwan gong cang fang zhi lian he mu lu 台 灣 公 藏 方 志 聯 合 目
錄, 1960. Teng, Ssu-yu, & Knight Biggerstaff. An Annotated
Bibliography of Selected Chinese Reference Works. Third Edition.
Harvard-Yenching Institute Series. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
1971, p. 55.
- Japan: Chugoku chihoshi sogo mokuroku 中 國 地 方 志 總 合 目 錄. (Union
catalog of Chinese local gazetteers in 14 major libraries and institutes in
Japan). 1969. Teng, Ssu-yu, & Knight Biggerstaff. An Annotated
Bibliography of Selected Chinese Reference Works. Third Edition.
Harvard-Yenching Institute Series. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
1971, p. 55; Wilkinson, Endymion. The History of Imperial China: A
Research Guide. Cambridge: East Asian Research Center of Harvard
University, 1973, p. 118.
- Europe: Yves Hervouet, Catalog des monographies locales chinoises
dans les biblioteques d'Europe. Paris: Mouton, 1957.
- Holdings of Particular Libraries
- Guo li Beiping tu shu guan fang zhi mu lu 國 立 北 平 圖 書 館 方 志 目 錄.
Peking 1933-36, 4 vols. Reprinted HK, 1968. Peking National Library. Teng,
Ssu-yu, & Knight Biggerstaff. An Annotated Bibliography of Selected
Chinese Reference Works. Third Edition. Harvard-Yenching Institute
Series. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 54.
- Guo li gu gong bo wu yuan pu tong jiu ji mu lu 國 立 故 宮 博 物 院 普 通
舊 籍 目 錄. Taipei, 1970, pp. 70-185 lists gazetteers in Palace Museum
collection.
- Tsiang, Amy Ching-fen, & Hong Cheng, compilers. A Catalog of
Post-1949 Chinese Local Histories at UCLA . L.A.: East Asian Library,
UCLA, 1997.
- Catalogs exist for the Libray of Congress (Chu Shih-chia ed.), the
University of Washington (Joseph Low ed.), and the University of Chicago.
Princeton University has an unpublished catalog of gazetteers -- check with
the Chinese bibliographer.
- Other library catalogs are listed in Donald Leslie. Catalog of
Chinese Local Gazetteers. Canberra: Department of Far Eastern History.
Research School of Pacific Studies. Australia National University, 1967. See
Nathan, Andrew. Modern China 1840-1972: An Introduction to Sources and
Research Aids. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of
Michigan, 1973, p. 62.
Read:
- Bartlett, Beatrice S. "Imperial Notations on Ch'ing Official Documents in
the Ch'ien-lung and Chia-ch'ing Reigns." Two parts. National Palace Museum
Bulletin 7:2 & 7:3 (1972).
- ---. Monarchs & Ministers: The Grand Council in Mid-Ch'ing China,
1723-1820. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991. See pp. 103-19
for Bartlett's discussion of the development of the court letter and its
drafting system, which supersedes earlier research.
- ---. "The Secret Memorials of the Yung-cheng Period: Archival and
Published Versions." National Palace Museum Bulletin 9:4 (1974).
- ---. "Ch'ing Documents in the National Palace Museum Archives. Document
Registers: The Sui-shou teng-chi." National Palace Museum
Bulletin 10:4 (1975): 1-17. On the Document Registers: Sui shou deng
ji 隨 手 登 記.
- Fairbank, John K. Ch'ing Documents: An Introductory Syllabus. 3rd
edition. Cambridge: East Asian Research Center of Harvard University,
1970.
- pp. 82-84 on imperial injunctions
- pp. 94-103 on published edicts
- pp. 103-105 on published memorials
- Kuhn, Philip A., & John K. Fairbank with the assistance of Beatrice
Bartlett & Chiang Yung-chen. Introduction to Ch'ing Documents.
Cambridge: The Harvard-Yenching Institute, 1993.
- Lo Hui-min. "Some Notes on Archives on Modern China," pp. 203-20 in Donald
Leslie, C. Mackerras, & Wang Gungwu eds. Essays on the Sources for
Chinese History. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1973.
- Naquin, Susan. "True Confessions: Criminal Interrogations as Sources for
Ch'ing History." National Palace Museum Bulletin 11:1 (1976).
- Wilkinson, Endymion. The History of Imperial China: A Research
Guide, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973, pp. 142-45, 150-56.
In order to use archival material in published or unpublished
form, it is necessary to understand the system that produced these documents.
The basic ingredients of this system are: edicts (by the emperor) &
memorials (from officials).
The most important change in this system occurred between 1700 and 1750 when
the Grand Council [Jun ji chu 軍 機 處] replaced the Grand Secretariat as
the highest decision making body below the emperor, and when secret memorials to
the emperor gradually reduced further the role of the Grand Secretariat. Grand
Secretariat materials in Taiwan are housed at Academia Sinica. Many have been
cataloged, some are published, and available to scholars. Grand Council
materials in Taiwan are at the National Palace Museum. They are being cataloged,
published, and are open to foreign scholars. The Palace Museum in Taiwan has
recently expanded its archive building for Qing documents, and the Ming-Qing
Archives at Academia Sinica, Taiwan, founded by Chang Wejen, has issued many
important collections. For the Academia Sinica, Taiwan, collection, see Catalog
of the Qing Grand Secretariat Archives, Nei ge 內 閣].
A great deal of central government records survive in China. There is a
Ming-Qing Archives Office at the western part [Xi hua men 西 華 門] of the National
Palace Museum in Peking, and articles have appeared based on Grand Council type
documents. For introduction to the materials there and elsewhere, see:
- Qin Guojing 秦 國 經 , Zhonghua Ming Qing zhen dang zhi nan 中 華 明 清 珍
檔 指 南 (Guide to Chinese Ming-Qing precious archives), Beijing: Jen-min chu ban
she, 1994. This guide was reprinted in May 1996. This works is an excellent survey of
Ming-Qing archives both in and outside China and includes a valuable
introduction to the holdings, internal organization, and usefulness of these
archives.
- Fairbank, John K., & Ssu-y?Teng. Ch'ing Administration: Three
Studies. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1960.
- Wu, Silas. Communication and Imperial Control in China: Evolution of
the Palace Memorial System 1693-1735. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
1970.
- Partial contents of the archives are described in Gu gong wen xian
故 宮 文 獻 1971-72, 5 issues. A more complete list as of 1926 is listed in
Wilkinson, Endymion. The History of Imperial China: A Research Guide,
Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973, pp. 152-156.
- Hao Yen-p'ing & K.C. Liu. "The Importance of the Archival Palace
Memorials of the Ch'ing Dynasty." Ch'ing-shi wen-t'i 3:1 (1974): 71-94.
- Chuang Chi-fa (Zhuang Jifa) 莊吉發. Gu gong shu yao 故宮檔案述要. Taibei: National Palace Museum, 1983. This work is by far the most detailed description of the archival holdings of the Palace Museum in Taiwan. It also provides descriptions of Qing procedures for creating and managing documents. Recommended for anyone planning to use Qing central government documents (from Taiwan, Beijing, or elsewhere) for research.
- Huang Pei. "Five Major Sources for the Yung-cheng Period, 1723-1735."
JAS 27 (1968): 847-857.
- Koster, Hermann. "The Palace Museum of Peking." Monumenta Serica 2
(1936): 167-90.
- Kuhn, Philip A., & John K. Fairbank with the assistance of Beatrice
Bartlett & Chiang Yung-chen. Introduction to Ch'ing Documents.
Cambridge: The Harvard-Yenching Institute, 1993.
- Langlois, Jack. "Chuang Yen and the National Palace Museum." Echo
(March 1972).
- Peake, Cyrus H. "Documents Available for Reasearch on the Modern History
of China." American Historical Review 38 (1932/33): 61-71.
- Including: public promulgations; edicts to one or more officials;
instructions to offices in the metropolitan bureaucracy; rescripts (in
vermillion ink) on memorials; drafts of edicts written by the Grand Council,
sometimes corrected by the emperor.
- Qing shi lu 清 實 錄 [Veritable Records]. Compiled reign by reign for
the entire dynasty. Contains a selection of the most important promulgations,
edicts and instructions. Occassionally edited. The Tung-hua lu is an
abbreviated version of the Shih-lu. See Knight Biggerstaff, "Some Notes on the
Tung-hua Lu and the Shih-lu," HJAS 4 (1939) 101-115, or the Hao and Liu
article. Only rarely does the Shih-lu contain memorials, except as summarized
in edicts. For a selection of economic materials from the Shih-lu, see Qing
shi lu jing ji zi liao ji yao 清 實 錄 經 濟 資 料 集 要 (Peking, 1959), described
in Feuerweker & Cheng, 174.
- The Shang yu dang 上諭檔 are archival collections of edicts. Unlike the Veritable Records, the Shang yu dang presents complete edicts as they appear in the archives, including numerous edicts not included in other collections. The Palace Museum, Taibei, and the Number One Archives, Beijing, both have holdings.
The Number One has begun to reprint edicts from the Qianlong reign and after. See Zhongguo di yi li shi dang an guan 中國第一歷史檔案館, ed. Qianlong chao shang yu dang 乾隆朝上諭檔 . Beijing: Dang an chu ban she, 1991. Subsequent series extend coverage through the Guangxu reign. It is always wise to check any edict found in the Veritable Records against the Shang yu dang to see if a more complete version exists.
- Sheng xun 聖 訓 [Imperial Injunctions]. See Wilkinson, Endymion. The
History of Imperial China: A Research Guide. Cambridge: East Asian
Research Center of Harvard University, 1973, p. 142 for full title. Public
promulgations and selected important edicts, arranged by reign and within the
reign by subject matter through the T'ung-chih reign (1874). It is unlikely
that anything would be here and not in the Shih-lu.
- Palace Museum Archives 故 宮 博 物 院 , Taipei. Grand Council record books,
chronologically kept, in which copies of promulgations, edicts and
instructions were kept. The collection is spotty for Yung-cheng and
Ch'ien-lung, but good for Chia-ch'ing (1796-1820) on. Special record books
were sometimes kept for particular compaigns. Of particular note are the 月摺檔 (Monthly Record Books), which record memorials forwarded from the Grand Council to other Qing institutions (esp. the six boards)for comment.
- Palace memorial collection contains memorials with the original vermillion
endorsements (The published version of the vermillion-endorsed memorials of
the Yung-cheng reign has shown to be highly edited for both style and content.
See Bartlett articles, 1972, 1974). This collection also contains a scattering
of draft edicts, written by the Grand Council and submitted to the Emperor
for changes.
- See below for collections that include both edicts and memorials. Edicts
that became legal and administrative statutes are included in the various
administrative collections & collections of laws. Similarly, edicts
relevant to a particular place are often included in a regional gazetteer.
- Palace memorial collection, in Taipei Palace Museum Archives and No. 1
Historical Archives, Beijing.
Original memorials with imperial notations and comments from the late
K'ang-hsi reign on, over 150,000 of them. The memorials of the Kuang-hsu
reign have been published in 24 volumes. This collection is described in Hao
Yen-p'ing & K.C. Liu. Most of the K'ang-hsi memorials have been
published in Ku-kung wen-hsien (1970-). The museum intends to publish all
palace memorials.
- Grand Council copies of palace memorials (lu fu 錄 副 memorials).
These are copies of memorials in "grass" script, with imperial notations
recorded. These exist from the Ch'ien-lung reign on and often fill in the
holes in the palace memorial collection.
- Memorial enclosures.
These came as part of the original memorials, and were eventually stored
in both of the above two collections. These enclosures included: monthly
reports on the price of rice and other grains; monthly reports on snow and
rainfall; lists of many sorts; and complete texts of interrogations with
rebels or important crimials. There enclosures are only very rarely
available in published sources.
- Grand Council memorials to the emperor.
Whenever the emperor instructed the Grand Council to investigate a certain problem,
they reported to him in great detail. These memorials were copied into GC
record books and are so preserved (There is some indication that the
original memorials survive in Peking.) These materials have never been
published, and are invaluable for the study of top-level decision making.
Testimony solicited by the Grand Council on a wide variety of matters is also here
reported, including lengthy interrogations of important criminals.
- Published collections of memorials:
These are listed in Wilkinson, Endymion. The History of Imperial
China: A Research Guide, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973. pp.
143-45 and Fairbank, John K. Ch'ing Documents: An Introductory Syllabus.
3rd edition. Cambridge: East Asian Research Center of Harvard
University, 1970. One important source not listed is the Thomas Wade
Collections at Cambridge University, England. In the mid-19th century, Wade
somehow had access to central government documents, particularly those of
the six boards, and apparently ordered copies of these materials made.
Check: Herbert A. Giles, A Catalog of the Wade Collection of Chinese
and Manchu Books in the library of the University of Cambridge.
Cambridge: University Press, 1898.
- Memorial record books (titled "Outer Court Records" and "Monthly
Memorials"):
Contain copies (generally readable) of memorials, complete with imperial
rescript and (sometimes) the text of enclosures. A good supplement to the
memorial collection, Chia-ch'ing reign on. To locate the memorial collection
of an individual, not knowing if it exists, one simply checks in library
catalogs and looks out for new reprints. Some memorial collections are
excellent, containing the text of edicts received, and enclosures sent.
Memorials are sometimes included in a nian pu or incorporated into
collected works.
Vitually every edict issued in response to a memorial (as most were)
contains a summary of that memorial. In the absense of the original
memorial, an edict summary can be useful.
Some GC documents were published in the 1930s by the Palace Museum in
Gu gong zhou kan 故 宮 週 刊, e.g., 1813 uprising, Ho-shen case.
- Grand Secretariat archives.
Catalogs of these archives were made in the 1930s. See Wilkinson,
Endymion. The History of Imperial China: A Research Guide, Cambridge:
Harvard University Press, 1973, 24.4.1, numbers 1, 2, 3, 5, 6. Some of these
materials (not clear how much) were published in a variety of series. These
are listed in Wilkinson pp. 154-55. None are indexed, there is often no
apparent order, though memorials will sometimes be grouped around a single
topic/problem/incident.
Unpublished materials, possibly those cataloged, are in crates at the
Academia Sinica, Taiwan. At present no one can use them. Many of these are
gradually being scanned and catalogued in a searchable database, which can
be viewed in the Fu Ssu-nien library of the Institute for History and
Philology, Academia Sinica, Taipei.
Researchers preparing to use Qing archives in either Beijing or Taibei for the first time would do well to consult publications of archival materials that give a sense of the different conventions for different documents (esp. for the Grand Council archives).
The National Palace Museum has published a number of collections of archival materials related to the history of Taiwan that allow one to get a sense of the document types. See, for example Hong Anquan 洪安全 ed. Qing gong ting ji dang Taiwan shi liao 清宮庭寄檔臺灣史料 . Taibei: National Palace Museum, 1998.
- Court Diaries 起 居 注 (qi ju zhu).
These exist for all reigns from K'ang-hsi on. They are records of the emperor's movements
and public statements. Most have been published. Some imperial appointments not found in the Veritable Records may be found in court diaries.
- Daily Record. Sui shou deng ji 隨 手 登 記.
See Bartlett article. These records note all memorials received and
edicts/orders sent out, with a brief summary of the contents, information
about time and speed of transmission, notations as to the emperor's
movements, and references to all Board communication received by the
emperor. The Number One archives has published the Sui shou deng ji for the Qianlong reign.
See Zhongguo di yi li shi dang an guan 中國第一歷史檔案館, ed. Qianlong chao jun ji chu sui shou deng ji dang
乾隆朝軍機處隨手登記檔 . Guilin: Guanxi shi fan da xue chu ban she, 2000.
- The fang lue 防 略. (See Irick catalog for a list)
These are imperially compiled compendium on major military campaigns of
the Ming and Ch'ing (primarily the latter). They were compiled shortly after
the campaign was concluded, and included memorials and edicts arranged in
chronological order. Compilers had access to original documents, but latter
are usually more complete.
- Peking Gazette (Jing bao) 京 報.
Officially approved (usually) memorials and edicts. Few survive before
the early 19th century. English translations were often made for the foreign
community and sometimes published in treaty port newspapers. There is a
collection of Chinese laguage originals in the British Museum; also the Wade
Collection. See Jonathan Ocko, "The British Museum's Peking Gazette,"
Ch'ing-shi wen-t'i 2:9 (1973): 35-49. Also W.F. Mayers, "The Peking
Gazette," The China Review 3 (1874) : 12-18.
Most
compendia published in the 20th century include both memorials and edicts as
well as a variety of other documents. Such compendia tend to focus on major
events. Particularly good collections exist for foreign affairs. These are
described in Fairbank, John K. Ch'ing Documents: An Introductory Syllabus.
3rd edition. Cambridge: East Asian Research Center of Harvard University,
1970, 94-103.
The Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, has been publishing
the Tsung-li Yamen archives on affairs involving missionaries and Christians.
These include both memorials and edicts, and will ultimately cover 1860-1911.
See Charles Litzinger, "Bibliographical and Research Note," Ch'ing-shi
wen-t'i 3:1 (1974) : 95-99. An excellent source.
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