Currency Rates by
The Economist
Convert amount
as of date:
date format
from
to
Daily rates
by Oanda.
Resources
Issue 1: Europe

The Euro: More than Money, by Nicoletta Mueller-Vogg
Europe has a new currency. Or, the European Union now has its own currency. Or, 12 member states of the EU have a new common currency. But others use the currency as well: The various principalities lying within the EU, such as Monaco and Lichtenstein, the Vatican and other territories connected to one of the twelve members use it, as do a few countries outside of the EU and without a connection to a member country, such as Kosovo and Montenegro. more >>

European Anti-Americanism: Some Considerations, by Matteo Giglioli
On February 15th, 2003, millions of Europeans took to the streets throughout the continent in a massive expression of opposition to the policies of the Bush administration on Iraq and the risk of a new Gulf war they entailed. Such large scale mobilization, which has continued after the outbreak of hostilities and up to the present time, has taken many in America by surprise. more >>

Rapid Reaction Force: Don’t Hold your Breath, by Matthew Gold
The appeal of mutual military defense within the European Union is understandable. The ability to enforce and project the mandates of European nations into both lawless areas of Europe and distant corners of the globe would appeal to leaders as ideologically opposed as Silvio Berlusconi and Lionel Jospin.more >>

Anti-Semitism in France, by Pablo Kapusta
Following the bitter debate over the war in Iraq and the subsequent deadlock in the Security Council, it seems that relations between France and the United States have reached their lowest point in recent memory. more >>

France and the EU, by Alexander Lewko
On March 17, the leaders of the United States and Britain agreed that the time for diplomacy regarding Iraq was over. In the United Nations Security Council, US President George W. Bush and UK Prime Minister Tony Blair put themselves in direct confrontation with the leaders of France, Germany, and Russia over the nature of the inspections program as well as possible military intervention. more >>

Poland and the EU Enlargement, by Barnaby Lyons
With a total surface area of approximately 126 thousand miles and a population of 40 million people, Poland is by far the largest country due to enter the European Union as part of its planned enlargement in 2004. more >>

NATO's Recent Evolution and Future Direction, by Jordan Tama
At the end of the Cold War, John Mearsheimer and Kenneth Waltz, two of America's leading realist scholars, famously predicted that the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) would soon wither away and ultimately cease to exist more >>

Issue 1: Articles from Europe on the Iraq Crisis

Austria: Peace Cannot Be Kept by Force, It Can Only Be Kept by Understanding, by Johanna Weberhofer
There is by far no homogeneity in Europe on the Iraq-issue. The war with Iraq, the 5th poorest country in the world, has split the European Union in an unprecedented manner. Europe was and is deeply divided by political rifts. This political division of Europe is still present and in everyone’s mind and also refers to the EU-candidate countries, all of which support the US. more >>

France: Freedom Fries or Freedom Fighting, by Fabrice Serodes, Jodi Latham and Curtis Ried
With "freedom fries" making their appearance in Congress cafeterias, diplomatic channels at an impasse and CNN running a 24/7 media circus with France starring in the role of arch nemesis, it appears that the crisis over Iraq has irrevocably soured relations between the White House and the Elysée. How is it that two allied nations, with ostensibly the same objectives have found themselves embroiled in a conflict that has escalated into unsanctioned war? more >>

Germany: Sad Truths, by Florian Otto
This is it. It is wartime - once again, one is almost forced to say, but this time it seems to be different somehow. Never before have so many states and so many people agreed on a war being wrong or unjustified. more >>

Turkey: Turkey's Tough Decision, by Birer Ozgur
The one and only secular democratic Muslim state, Turkey had denied the motion to host 62,000 US troops in Turkey. At the moment the US can not open up the second front that would make the war much shorter and life much easier for the Bush Administration. Although the motion was voted 264-250 in favor, it was 3 votes short of the constitutionally mandated simple majority due to 19 abstentions. more >>

UK: Notes from a Small Island on a mission, by Richard Allen
Iraq is definitely the buzzword at the moment and no matter who you talk to in bonny Scotland, you know they’ll have an opinion on the apparently imminent war in the Persian Gulf. more >>



    
Contact us - All material Copyright © The Internationalist, Princeton University