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Failure Mechanisms
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· In most real fatigue situations the periodic stress amplitude is not constant during component use.
· A "typical" stress-time plot for the lower wing-skin of a transport aircraft is illustrated schematically.
· The concept of "cumulative fatigue 

From: Callister, "Materials Science & Engineering," Wiley (1994)
damage" has been developed to estimate fatigue life under these conditions.
· For a stress amplitude Δσithenumber of cycles to failure is NI .
· If the sample experiences nj cycles at this stress amplitude, it accumulates a fractional damage: (nj / NI ). Damage histories of this type are then summed to obtain the total life of the sample.