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Phase Diagrams
· The two component (C = 2) Copper - Nickel system will be used to illustrate application of the Gibbs phase rule to binary alloys.
· Points (a) and (b) are in single phase regions of the two component system. C = 2, P = 1, p = Constant
Fp = [C - P + 1]p= 2
Both composition (% Ni) and temperature (T) are independent variables.
· For (c) in the two-phase zone : 
C = 2, P = 2, p = Constant, giving:
Fp = 1
· If either T or the Composition is specified, the other is fixed.
After: Guy & Hren, "Elements of Physical Metallurgy," Addison Wesley (1974)