006 Wallace Hall
Wednesdays,
7:00- 9:30 PM
Task Force Director:
Robertson Hall,
Room 406
258-2498
mauzeral@princeton.edu
Senior
Commissioner:
Arthur
Steinbock
steinbck@princeton.edu
Graduate
Consultant:
Ph.D. student
410A Robertson
Hall
258-2392
Many
cities in developing countries face environmental crises due to severe air
pollution. Deteriorating air quality is
a result of rapid industrial development, increasing motor vehicle traffic,
population growth, and general economic expansion. Impacts of air pollution are severe and well-known – adverse
health effects and increasing health costs, decreased visibility, damage to
natural vegetation and agriculture, and deterioration of cultural monuments and
buildings. As developing countries
industrialize, their emissions of greenhouse gases also increase.
China
is a vast country undergoing rapid industrialization, possessing an enormous
and increasing population, and suffering from severe air pollution particularly
in urban areas. It currently
contributes about 15 percent of the carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere
annually from human activity. Carbon
dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas contributing to climate change. The share of carbon dioxide that China will
emit in the future will increase as it continues to develop and its population
continues to grow. Since air pollution
and carbon dioxide emissions both result from burning fossil fuels, China may
see advantages in fuel switching, increased energy efficiency, and the use of
renewable forms of energy to reduce local air pollution. Such changes could also limit the growth in
greenhouse gas emissions.
Questions
this task force will address include:
What practical steps can China take in the coming decades to improve
local air quality and lower the rate at which their carbon dioxide emissions
are increasing? What energy
technologies are appropriate to accomplish both objectives? How can the United States and multilateral
lending organizations support these efforts?
The
aim of this task force will be to develop co-control strategies that would
improve air quality in China while limiting the rate of increase of their
greenhouse gas emissions. These
strategies will need to be attractive to China while also attracting bilateral
and multilateral donors able to support their initial implementation. We will examine World Bank energy programs
and the criticism the Bank has come under due to its early lack of attention to
environmental issues in its loan practices.
We will then recommend programs to the World Bank that it could
implement to encourage the use of energy technologies that simultaneously
reduce air pollution and carbon dioxide emissions in China.
The goal of the task force is for
each student to write a research paper that will contribute to the group
report. Sessions in the early part of
the semester will consist of lectures and relatively extensive reading. Later sessions will focus more on individual
research topics, establishment of the objectives of the group report, and
finally on the presentation of the group report to World Bank staff in
Washington D.C. Readings for the task
force are either contained in your course packet, the books Energizing China
and Mortgaging the Earth (available for purchase), are on reserve in the
Woodrow Wilson School library, are available on world wide web sites (described
below and identified during the semester) or will be distributed in class.
The large collection of books and articles on
reserve in the WWS library is intended as a resource for your research. The use of additional material is also
encouraged. Xiaoping Wang, the graduate
consultant, and Arthur Steinbock, the senior commissioner, are intended as
resources for you. Please feel free to
bounce ideas and questions off them.
They both have specific expertise in this area and may be able to give
you insights from their own experience and help you find material useful for
your research papers.
The calendar for the task
force described below is subject to modification as the semester
progresses. Our initial plan is that
each student will spend the first eight weeks of the semester on a research
paper that will form the basis of the group report. Paper outlines will be due on Friday March 9 (at the end of week 5), for discussion with the
director and advice from the graduate consultant during week 6 (mid-term
week). Week 7 will be used to discuss
how to integrate the individual research topics into a group research project
and report. Week 8 will be used for
consultation with the director (no group meeting is scheduled). Semi-final individual papers will be due on
Friday April 6 (at the end of week 8 – the second week following spring
break). Week 9 and 10 (April 11 and 18)
is for oral presentations of individual reports, and for discussion of the
content of the final report. A draft of
the final report, prepared by the senior commissioner, will be presented at the
session on April 25 with a final report available for approval on May 2. Final
revised papers will be due by Friday May 4, 2000. We will make a trip to The World Bank headquarters to present the
final report to World Bank staff the week of May 7, 2000.
Individual papers are expected to be
approximately 25 double-spaced pages in length, with tables, graphs and
references additional. Each report
should be preceded by an abstract which distills the essence of the findings of
the report into one paragraph. The
final group report will be at most 25 pages and will synthesize the findings
and recommendations of the individual papers.
Unless noted, the required reading listed below is
either included in your course packet or is in the book Energizing China,
Reconciling Environmental Protection and Economic Growth, Harvard University
Press, 1998.
Week 1. February 7, 2001. Framing the problem.
Environmental effects of fossil fuel combustion: Air pollution and climate change
Pan, Philip, “Scientists Issue Dire Prediction on Warming”, Washington Post, January 23, 2001.
Hileman, Bette, “Pace of Global Change Quickens”, Chemical and Engineering News, January 29, 2001.
Kerr, R. “Can the Kyoto Climate Treaty Be Saved From Itself?” Science, 290, 920-921, November 3, 2000.
Drennen, TE. Erickson, JD.
“Who Will Fuel China?” Science, 279, 1483, March 1998.
Sweet, William, and Elizabeth Bretz.
“Toward Carbon-Free Energy”. IEEE Spectrum, November 1999, pp. 28-33.
Nielsen, C. P. and McElroy,
M.B., chapter 1. Introduction and
Overview, In: Energizing China, Reconciling Environmental Protection and
Economic Growth, Harvard University Press, 1998, pp. 1-63.
Wang, Yanjia and He Kebin.
“The Air Pollution Picture In China”. IEEE Spectrum, 36 no. 12. (1999): pp.55-58.
Lelieveld, Jos, Veerabhadran
Ramanathan, and Paul J. Crutzen. “The
Global Effects of Asian Haze”. IEEE Spectrum, 36 no. 12. (1999): pp.50-54.
Barnes, D. F., van der Plas,
R., Floor, A., “Tackling the rural energy problem in developing
countries”, Finance and
Development, 1997.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Working Group I, Third
Assessment Report, Summary for Policy Makers, Shaghai Draft, January 21,
2001.
Week 2. February 14, 2001. Chinese energy/air pollution situation
Clear Water, Blue Skies: China’s
Environment in the New Century. Washington, D.C.: The International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, 1997. Chapters 1-4, pp. 1-58; ch. 6, pp. 73-85.
Kozloff, Keith, “Rethinking development assistance for renewable
electricity sources”, Environment, 37,
pp.7-37, 1995.
Sinton, JE, Fridley, DG. What Goes Up: Recent Trends in China's Energy
Consumption, Energy Policy, 28: 671-687, 2000.
Weidou, Ni, Sze, Nien
Dak, chapter 2 “Energy supply and
development in China”, In Energizing China, Reconciling Environmental
Protection and Economic Growth, Harvard University Press, 1998, pp. 67-117.
Florig, H. Keith . “China’s
Air Pollution Risks”. Environmental Science & Technology News. Vol.
31 no.6. (1997).
Wang, Ziaodong, and Kirk R. Smith. Near-term
Health Benefits of Greenhouse Gas Reductions: A Proposed Method for
Assessment and Application to China. Geneva: World Health Organization,
1998.
Sweet, William, and Marlowe Hood. “Can
China Consume Less Coal?”. IEEE Spectrum, November 1999, pp. 39-47.
Reducing Greenhouse Gases & Air
Pollution.
Washington, D.C.: State and Territorial Air Pollution Program Administrators,
Association of Local Air Pollution Control Officials, 1999.
This
article gives examples of strategies for simultaneously addressing air
pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
The paper focuses on the United States, but the same concepts should be
considered for China.
Week 3. February 21, 2001. Overview of Chinese government structure and
energy and environmental policy. Guest
speakers: Prof. Eric Thun and Ms.
Xiaoping Wang.
Hood, Marlowe, and William Sweet. “Energy
Policy and Politics in China”. IEEE Spectrum, November 1999, pp. 34-38.
Logan, Jeffrey. “Balancing
the Books on Energy Pricing”. IEEE Spectrum, 36 no. 12. (1999): pp.59-63.
Sathaye, Jayant, Jonathan
Sinton, and Tom Heller. “Doing Better with Less Energy”, IEEE Spectrum,
36 no. 12. (1999): pp.42-49.
Wang, Hanchen, Liu,
Bingjiang, “Policymaking for environmental protection in China”, In Energizing
China, Reconciling Environmental Protection and Economic Growth, Harvard
University Press, 1998, pp.371- 403.
Alford, W., Yuanyuan, Shen,
“The Limits of the law in addressing China’s environmental dilemma”, In: Energizing China, Reconciling
Environmental Protection and Economic Growth, Harvard University Press,
1998, pp. 405-429.
Panayotou, T. “The
Effectiveness and efficiency of environmental policy in China, In: Energizing China, Reconciling
Environmental Protection and Economic Growth, Harvard University Press,
1998, pp. 431-472.
Chayes, Abram, Kim, C.
“China and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change”, In Energizing
China, Reconciling Environmental Protection and Economic Growth, Harvard
University Press, 1998, pp. 504-540.
Week 4.
February 28, 2001. World Bank Structure and
Environmental Policies,
Guest Speaker, Dr. Todd Johnson, World Bank, Environment Department.
The
World Bank, Knowledge and Resources for Development, World Bank, 2001.
This
pamphlet provides a brief overview of the structure and official goals of the
Bank. (Class handout).
Rich, Bruce, Mortgaging
the Earth: The World Bank, Environmental Impoverishment and the Crisis of
Development. Boston: Beacon Press,
1994.
Read Chapters 1, 3 and 10,
and as much of the rest of the book as you can.
This book is a critical history of the World Bank. It describes the effect Bank policies have had on the societies and environments of the countries in which it operates.
Please
examine the World Bank web sites, listed below, for information on the Bank’s
current energy and environmental activities in China.
World Bank web
sites:
Alternative
energy / energy efficiency in Asia:
http://www.worldbank.org/astae/
Rural and renewable energy
http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/energy/ruralenergy.htm
Environment
http://www.worldbank.org/environment/
As a contrast to the large loans that are typically awarded by the World Bank, examine some of the following web sites that describe micro-finance organizations.
Micro-finance web
sites:
The virtual library on micro-credit: http://www.gdrc.org/icm/
The Micro-finance network: http://www.bellanet.org/partners/mfn/
Look also at what the World Bank is doing in the area of micro-finance:
http://www-esd.worldbank.org/sbp/home.htm
Week 5. March 7, 2001. Renewable Energy Options – hydro, wind, solar, biomass
Renewable
Energy: Sources for fuels and
electricity,
Island Press, 1993.
This book has extensive coverage of hydro, wind and solar energy and
covers the technologies, economics, resources and regional strategies. Read chapter 1 (in your course packet), then
choose one technology in which you’re particularly interested and read the relevant
chapters. The book is on reserve at the
WWS library.
Moreira, JR, et al., Energy
Supply In: Methodological and
Technological Issues in Technology Transfer, Special Report of IPCC Working
Group III, Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Byrne J, Shen B, Wallace W. “The Economics of Sustainable Energy for
Rural Development: A Study of Renewable Energy in Rural China.” Energy Policy 26(1): 45-54, 1998.
Sayigh, A (1999). “Renewable
Energy - the Way Forward.” Applied Energy
64: 15-30.
Sinton, J, Levine, MD, Qingyi, W. Energy Efficiency in China:
Accomplishments and Challenges. Energy
Policy, 26(11): 813-829, 1998.
Lew, D. J. Alternatives to Coal and Candles: Wind Power in China. Energy Policy 28, 271-286, 2000.
Fang Dong, Li Ping, Lew, D.,
Kammen, D., Wilson, R. “Strategic options for reducing CO2 in China: Improving energy efficiency and using
alternatives to fossil fuels, chapter 3 in: Energizing China, Reconciling
Environmental Protection and Economic Growth, Harvard University Press,
1998, pp. 119-165.
Paper outlines due, Friday
March 9, 2001.
Week 6. March 14,
2001. Client
activities – World Bank
Guest lecture by Dr. Eric Martinot
Martinot, E.
Renewable energy investment by the World Bank. Energy Policy, 2001 in press.
Martinot, E. World Bank energy projects in
China: influences on environmental
protection, Energy Policy, 2001 in press.
Week 7. March 28, 2001. Discussion of integration of individual research into group research project and report. Overall objectives. Goals of presentation to World Bank staff.
Week 8. Week of April 4, 2001. Individual Consultations.
Draft research papers due,
Friday April 6, 2000.
Week 9. April 11, 2001. Oral presentations
start. Discussion of final report.
Week 10. April 18, 2001. Oral presentations continue.
Week 11. April 25, 2001. Presentation of final report.
Discussion of revisions.
Week 12. May 2, 2001. Discussion and approval of final report.
** Final
revised papers are due by Friday May 4, 2000.
**
Presentation of
results outlined in final report to World Bank staff during a one day trip to
Washington D.C. to be arranged for the second week of May.
RESEARCH MATERIAL ON RESERVE AT WWS LIBRARY
Books:
A Planner’s Guide for Selecting Clean-Coal
Technologies for Power Plants., Okarsson, Karin, Anders Berglund, Rolf Deling, Ulrika
Snellman, Olle Stenbäck, and Jack J. Fritz, The International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank,
Washington D.C., 1997.
Applying Market-Based Instruments to
Environmental Policies in China and OECD Countries, Organisation for Economic Co-Operation
and Development, Paris: OECD, 1997.
Clean Coal Technologies for Developing
Countries. , Tavoulareas,
E. Stratos, and Jean-Pierre Charpentier, The International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development/The World Bank, Washington, D.C.,1995.
Clear Water, Blue Skies: China’s
Environment in the New Century. Washington, D.C.: The International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, 1997.
Climate Change 1995, The Science of
Climate Change,
Contribution of Working Group 1 to the second assessment report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Edited by J.T. Houghton, et al.,
Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Climate Change 1995: The Economic and
Social Dimensions of Climate Change,Contribution of Working Group 3 to the second assessment
report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Edited by Bruce, et
al., Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Climate Change, 1995 : Impacts,
Adaptations, and Mitigation of Climate Change: scientific-technical analyses, Contribution of WGII to the second
assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by
Watson, R. et al., Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Energizing China,
Reconciling Environmental Protection and Economic Growth, edited by McElroy,
Nielsen, and Lydon, Harvard University Press, 1998.
Energy After Rio: Prospects and Challenges, Reddy, Amulya, Robert Williams and
Thomas Johansson, United Nations Development Programme, 1997.
Energy Demand in Five Major Asian
Developing Countries, Ishiguro, Masayasu, and Takamasa Akiyama, The International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, Washington, D.C.,1995.
Mortgaging the Earth, Rich, Bruce, Boston: Beacon Press, 1994.
Powerful Partnerships: The Federal Role in
International Cooperation on Energy Innovation, A Report from the President’s Committee if
Advisors on Science and Technology, Washington, D.C., 1999.
Renewable Energy . Edited by Thomas B. Johansson, Henry
Kelly, Amulya K.N. Reddy, and Robert H. Williams. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1993.
The People’s Republic of China Energy
Conservation Project. Project Document. Washington,
D.C.: Global Environment Division, Environment Department/The World Bank, 1998.
Urban Air Quality Management Strategy in
Asia: Guidebook. Edited by
Jitendra Shah, Tanvi Nagpal, and Carter J. Brandon.
Washington, D.C.: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The
World Bank, 1997
Research Papers (loosely organized):
Climate:
“China’s Key Role in Climate
Protection”, Bach, Wilfred and Stefan Fiebig.
Energy. Vol. 23 no. 4.
(1998): pp. 253-270.
China: Issues and Options in
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Control. Johnson, Todd., Junfeng Li, Zhongxiao and Robert
Taylor, eds. World Bank Discussion Paper No. 330. (1996).
China: Issues and Options in Greenhouse Gas Emissions Control. National Environmental Protection Agency of China and others. Summary Report. (December 1994).
“Engineering-Economic
Studies of Energy Technologies to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions:
Opportunities and Challenges”. Brown, Marilyn A., Mark D. Levine, Joseph P.
Romm, Arthur H. Rosenfeld, and Jonathan G. Koomey. Annual Reviews Energy and the Environment. Vol. 23.
(1998): pp. 287-385
“International Technology Transfer for
Climate Change Mitigation and the Cases of Russia and China”. Martinot, Eric,
Jonathan E. Stinton, and Brent M. Haddad. Annual Reviews Energy and the
Environment. Vol. 22. (1998): pp.
357-401.
“Climate Change Mitigation in the Energy
and Forestry Sectors of Developing Countries”. Sathaye, Jayant, and N.H.
Ravindrantah. Annual Reviews of Energy and the Environment. Vol. 23.
(1998): pp. 387-437.
Health Effects of Air Pollution:
“The Health Benefits of Air Pollution Control in Delhi”. Cropper,
Maureen, Nathalie Simon, Anna Alberini, Seema Arora, and P.K. Sharma. American Journal of Agricultural
Economics. Vol. 79. no 5. (1997): pp. 1625-1629.
“Toxicological Bases for the
Setting of Health-Related Air Pollution Standards”. Lippman, M. and R. B.
Schlesinger. Annual Review of Public Health. Vol. 21. (2000): pp.
309-333.
“Public Health Impact of Air
Pollution and Implications for the Energy System”. Rabl, Ari and Joseph V.
Spadoro. Annual Reviews of Energy and the Environment. Vol. 25. (2000):
pp. 601-627.
Environmental Effects of Air
Pollution:
“Acidification in China: Assessment Based on Studies at Forested
Sites from Chongqing to Guangzhou”. Dawel, Zhao, and Kong Guohui. Ambio.
Vol. 28 no. 6. (1999): pp. 522-530.
“Sulfur Oxides: Pollution Abatement and
Control”. World Bank Group. Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook.
(July 1998): pp. 258-260.
“Ground-Level Ozone”. World Bank Group. Pollution Prevention
and Abatement Handbook. (July 1998): pp. 227-230.
“Integrated Analysis for Acid Rain in
Asia: Policy Implications and Results of RAINS-ASIA Model”. Shah, Jitendra,
Tanvi Magpal, Todd Johnson, Markus Amann, Gregory Carmichael, Wesley
Foell, Collin Green, Jean-Paul Hettelingh,
Leen Hordijk, Jia Li, Chao Peng, Yifen Pu, Ramesh Ramankutty, and David
Streets. Annual Reviews of Energy and the Environment. Vol. 25. (2000):
pp. 339-3s75.
“Present and Future Emissions of Air
Pollution in China: SO2,
NOx, and CO”. Streets, D.G., and S.T. Waldhoff. Atmospheric Environment.
Vol. 34 (2000): pp. 363-374.
“A Modeling Study on Acid Rain and
Recommended Emission Control Strategies in China”. Wang, T. J., L.S. Lin, Z.K.
Li, and K.S. Lam. Atmospheric Environment. Vol. 34 (2000): pp.
4467-4477.
“Energy Consumption and Acid Deposition in
Northeast Asia”. Streets, David, Gregory Carmichael, Markus Amann, and Richard
L. Arndt. Ambio. Vol. 28 no. 2. (1999): pp. 134-143.
Energy
Demand/Supply:
“Energy Management and Environmental
Awareness in China’s Enterprises”. Zhicheng, Chen and Robin Porter. Energy
Policy. Vol. 28. (2000): pp. 49-63.
“The Outlook for Energy
Demand to 2010”. Birol, Faith. International Journal of Global Energy
Issues. Vol. 11 nos. 1-4. (1998): pp. 51-57.
“Interconnection of Power Systems and Development of Power Market
in China”. Bai, Xiaomin and Shuti Fu., IEEE-Panel Discussion. (2000). pp.
17-19.
“Energy Development and
Environmental Constraints in China”. Gan, Lin. Energy Policy. Vol. 26 no
2. Pp. 119-128.
“Development of China’s Energy Sector: Reform, Efficiency, And
Environmental Impacts”. Johnson, Todd. M. Oxford Review of Economic Policy. Vol.
11 no.4. (1995): pp. 118-132.
“Why Has the Energy-Output Ratio Fallen in China?”. Garbaccio,
Richard F., Mun S. Ho, and Daie W. Jorgenson. The Energy Journal. Vol.
20 no 3. (1999): pp. 63-91.
“Basic Needs and Much More with One Kilowatt Per Capita”.
Goldemberg, José, Thomas B. Johansson, Amulya K.N. Reddy, and Robert H.
Williams. Ambio. Vol. 14 no 4-5.(1985): pp. 190-200.
Markets/Finance:
Creating a Market for Renewables:
Electricity Policy Options for Developing Countries. Shepherd, Dan. Climate Change Team,
Environment Department, The World Bank. (1998).
“Financing of Private Power
Development and Power Sector Reform in Emerging Nations”. Lock, Reinier. Energy
Policy. Vol. 23 no. 11. (1995): pp. 955-965
“Renewable Energy Markets and the Global
Environment Facility”. Martinot, Eric. Financial Times. Issue 12. (Feb.
2000) pp. 18-22.
International Industrial Collaboration for
Accelerated Adoption of Environmentally Sound Energy Technologies in Developing
Countries. Williams,
Robert, Stephen Karekezi, Jyoti Parikh, and Chihiro Watanabe. A STAP/GEF Report. (Sept. 16,1996).
“A Macro-Assessment of Technology Options for CO2 Mitigation in China’s Energy System”. Wu, Zongxin, Jiankun
He, Aling Zhang, Qing Xu, Shuyu Zhang and Jayant Sathaye. Energy Policy.
Vol. 22 no. 11. (1994): pp.907-913.
“Financing Energy Projects”. Bond, Gary and Laurence Carter. Energy Policy. Vol. 23 no 11. (1995): pp. 967-975.
“The View from the Overseas
Private Investment Corporation (OPIC).” Himberg, Harvey. Energy Policy.
Vol. 23 no 11. (1995): pp. 977-980.
“The competitive Environment
for Oil and Gas Financing”. Humphries, Michael. Energy Policy. Vol. 23 no 11. (1995): pp. 991-1000.
“Accounting for Energy Use
in China, 1980-94”. Sun, J.W. Energy.
Vol. 23 no. 10. (1998): pp. 835-849.
Renewable Energy, General
The Outlook for Renewable Energy
Technologies, Public Policy Issues, and Roles for the Global Environment Facility. Williams, Robert, Stephen Karekezi, Jyoti
Parikh, and Chihiro Watanabe. A STAP/GEF Report. (Sept. 16,1996).
“Beyond Combustion”. Steinbugler, Margaret and Robert H. Williams.
Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy. Vol. 13 no 4. (1998): pp.
102-107.
Wind Power:
“Windpower: A Turn of the Century Review”. McGowan, Jon G. and Stephen R. Connors. Annual Reviews of Energy and the Environment. Vol. 25 (2000): pp. 147-197.
“Concessions for Wind Power Plants—A New Approach to Sustainable Energy Development in China”. Brennand, Timothy. United Nations Development Programme, University of East Anglia. pp. 1-69.
“High-Capacity Factor Wind Energy Systems”. Cavallo, Alfred. J. Journal
of Solar Energy Engineering. Vol. 117 no 143. (1995).
“Wind Energy Development in
China – Realtiy and Market Forces”, Han, Yinghua. Renewable Energy, 16
(1998) pp. 965-969.
“Large-Scale Baseload Wind
Power in China”. Lew, Debra , Robert Williams, Xie Shaoxiong, and Zhang Shihui.
Natural Resources Forum. Vol. 22 no 3. (1998): pp. 165-184.
“Oil and Gas Financing By
the World Bank”. Razavi, Hossein. Energy Policy. Vol. 23
no. 11. (1995): pp. 1001-1007.
Biomass Energy:
“Biomass Plantation Energy
Systems and Sustainable Development”. Larson, Eric and Robert Williams. In Energy
as an Instrument for Socio-Economic Development, José Goldemberg and Thomas
B. Johansson, eds. UNDP. (1995): pp. 91-106.
“A Preliminary Assessment if Biomass Conversion to Fischer-Tropsch
Cooking Fuels for Rural China”. Larson, Eric. 4th. Biomass
Conference of the Americas, Oakland, California, Aug. 29-Sept. 2, 1999.
“The Development and Prospective of Bioenergy Technology in
China”. Lin, Dai. Biomass and Bioenergy. Vol. 15 no. 2. (1998): pp.
181-186.
“Biofuel Use in Asia and Acidifying
Emissions”. Streets, David and Stephanie Waldhoff. Energy. Vol. 23 no.
12. (1998): pp. 1029-1042.
Solar Power:
“Solar Thermal Power
Technology: Present Status and Ideas for the Future”. Goswami, D. Yogi. Energy
Sources. Vol. 20. (1998): pp. 137-145.
“The GEF Solar PV Portfolio: Emerging Experience and Lessons”. Martinot, Eric, Ramesh Ramankutty, and Frank Rittner. Monitoring and Evaluation Working Paper 2. (2000): pp. i-29.
“World Bank/GEF Solar Home System Projects: Experiences and Lessons Learned 1993-2000”. Martinot, Eric, A. Cabraal, and S. Mathur. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Vol. 5. (2002) pp. 39-57.
“Energy from the Sun”. Weinberg, Carl J.
and Robert H. Williams. Scientific American. Vol. 263 no 3. (1990) pp.
146-155.
Hydropower:
“Priorities for hydropower development in
China”, Pan, J, Zhang, J, International Journal on Hydropower and Dams, vol 3,
no 1, (1996) pp. 43-46.
“Damming the Yangtze”, Ash, J., Forum for
Applied Research and Public Policy,Vol 13, no.3 (1998) p.78.
Geothermal Energy:
“Present Situation and Future of Utilization of Geothermal Energy
in China”. Huang, Zhou and Wu Fang Zhi. Energy Sources. Vol. 20. (1998):
pp. 705-708.
“Expanding Electricity Access to Remote
Areas: Off-Grid Rural Electrification in Developing Countries”. Reiche, Kilian,
Alvaro Covarrubias, and Eric Martinot. WorldPower. (2000): pp. 52-60.
Electricity Law of the People’s Republic
of China-Decree
of President of the People’s Republic of China No. 60. Zemin, Jiang.
(1995): pp. 1-13.
“Electricity Market Develops in China”. Zeng, Q.Y., and Y.H. Song.
Transmission & Distribution World.
(May 1998): pp. 36-41.
“Site Visits Illustrate
Advanced Grid Design”. Sweet, William, and Elizabeth Bretz. IEEE Spectrum, 36 no. 12. (1999): pp. 64-68.
“Exploring the Path to Near-Zero Emissions for Transportation”. Ogden, Joan, Robert Williams, and Eric Larson. Review Draft prepared for The W. Alton Jones Foundation. (2000).
Flexing the Link Between Transport and
Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Shipper, Lee, Celine Marie-Lilliu, and Roger Gorham. Paris.
International Energy Agency. (2000).
“Fuel Cells: Reaching the Era of Clean and Efficient Power
Generation in the Twenty-First Century”. Srinivasan, Supramaniam, Renaut Mosdale,
Philippe Stevens, and Christopher Yang. Annual Reviews of Energy and the
Environment. Vol. 24.(1999): pp. 281-328.
Regulation:
“Regulatory Approaches to Rural Electrification and Renewable Energy: Case Studies from Six Developing Countries”. Martinot, Eric and Kilian Reiche. World Development. (2000): pp. 1-17.
“Renewable Energy Policy Options for Mountain Communities: Experiences from China, India, Nepal and
Pakistan, Rijal, Kamal. Renewable
Energy 16 (1999) 1138-1142.
Coal and Applications:
“Addressing the Coal
Conundrum”. Sweet, William, and
Elizabeth Bretz. IEEE Spectrum, 36 no. 12. (1999): pp.40-41.
“A Technological Strategy for Making
Fossil Fuels Environment-and-Climate Friendly”. Williams, Robert H. World
Energy Council Journal. (July, 1998): pp. 59-67.
“Hydrogen Production from Coal and Coal
Bed Methane, Using Byproduct CO2 for Enhanced Methane Recovery and
Sequestering the CO2 in the Coal Bed”. Williams,
R.H. Reprinted from: Greenhouse
Gas Technologies, B. Eliasson, P. Riemer, and A. Wokaun, eds., Pergamon,
Amsterdam, (1999): pp. 799-805.
“Toward Zero Emissions for Coal: Roles for Inorganic Membranes”.
Williams, Robert H. International Symposium Proceedings, EniTechnologie, Rome.
(March 11-13, 1999): pp. 212-242.
Case Studies:
“Increased Energy Use in Jiangsu Province
of China with Protection of the Environment”. Wang, Xiaohua, Zhenming Feng, and
Qishuo Ding. Energy. Vol. 24.
(1999): pp. 413-417.
“On Household Energy Consumption for Rural Development: A Study on
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“Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Energy Consumption
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Dahui. Energy Sources. Vol. 21. (1999): pp. 541-546.
Packet of information explaining the
impacts of particulates, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides and ozone.
“Airborne Particulate Matter”. Pollution
Prevention and Abatement Handbook. World Bank Group, July 1998 ,
pp.201-207.
“Airborne Particulate Matter: Pollution
Prevention and Control”. Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook..
World Bank Group, July 1998 , pp.235-239.
“Nitrogen Oxides”. Pollution Prevention
and Abatement Handbook. World Bank Group, July 1998 , pp.223-226.
“Nitrogen Oxides: Pollution Prevention and
Control”. Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook.. World Bank
Group, July 1998 , pp.245-249.
“Sulfur Oxides: Pollution Prevention and
Control”. Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook. World Bank Group,
July 1998 , pp.258-260.
“Ground-Level Ozone”. Pollution
Prevention and Abatement Handbook. World Bank Group, July 1998 ,
pp.227-230.
Packet
of information on financing energy projects.
“Financing Energy Projects”. Bond, Gary, and Laurence Carter. Energy
Policy. Vol. 23 no. 11. (1995): pp.967-975.
“The View from the Overseas Private Investment Corporation
(OPIC)”. Himberg, Harvey. Energy
Policy. Vol. 23 no. 11. (1995): pp.977-980.
“The Competitive Environment for Oil and Gas Financing”. Humphries,
Michael E. Energy Policy. Vol. 23 no. 11. (1995): pp.991-1000.
“Costing Power Generation”. Zutshi, Priyamvada, and Preety M.
Bhnadari. Energy Policy. January 1994, pp.75-80.