music104

|  | Lecture Notes 7 Scale changes/tonicization/modal mixtures There are several ways that notes that are not in the current scale can occur As 'chromatic passing notes', filling in the space between two notes a major second apart/ As modal mixtures, borrowing from the parallel minor scale As specific references to other scales, usually from the dominant 7th chord of some other scale, tonicizing a chord in the current scale In a piece in C major, we suddenly hear a D7 chord (D,F#,A,C). This is actually the V7 of G, so we say that we are 'tonicizing' the V of C major, momentarily making it into a tonic, or momentarily shifing into the G major scale. In most cases this chord will be followed by a G chord. In a piece in C major we suddently hear a C7 chord (C,E,G,Bflat). This is actually the V7 of F, so we say that we are 'tonicizing' the IV of C major, momentarily making it into a tonic, or momentarily shifting into the F major scale. In most cases this chord will be followed by an F chord Important -- In most cases the chord that is being tonicized is an unaltered member of the main scale. E.g. In C major, if you have an E-G#-B-D (E7) chord. it is probably going to be the dominant 7th of A minor, not A major (for exceptions see below). Diminished 7th chord (borrowing 6th degree from minor) as tonicizing agent. Note role of tritone. Doesn't occur that often in popular music (I think) Examples Star Spangled Banner Auld Lang Syne My Tennessee Mountain Home C chord (I) becomes C7 (c-e-g-bflat) and thus V7 of IV Wiegenlied chromatic passing note, with no particular harmonic function Hold me tight Tonicization of IV, V and borrowing from C minor scale with F minor chord (IV) note smooth chromatic voice leading Take a bow Tonicization of IV, minor IV, as in Beatles Song. Also notice borrowing in use of Fflat major chord, borrowed from Aflat minor (parallel minor). Also notice chromatic bass lines (more on that next week). Georgia on my mind Tonicization of VI Something in the way she moves ------> (demo version!) Tonicization of IV, V, chromatic lines borrowing of IV chord from minor Minor scale as source of chromaticism No surprises Creep dominant 0f VI, deceptive cadence to IV, then to minor IV 6th and 7th scale degrees sometimes borrow from the major scale. 6th is sometimes raised to avoid augmented 2nd with raised 7th degree, which is raised to become true leading tone Diminished 7th chord combines dominant, and minor borrowing. Also combines two tridones Mozart requiem, end of the kyrie Circle of 4ths (usually called circle of 5ths: sequence based on dominant-tonic voice leading paradigm voice leading in circle of fourths is smooth, natural and easy in minor Bach French Suite, minuet 'suspended' 7ths in sequence other examples Fly Me to the Moon Autumn Leaves (another version) Windmills of your Mind (note dim 7th chord) kf Zshestoki Romans Bylanova Tatjana Vivaldi, Winter, from the Four Seasons All the things you are In major Rachmaninoff, symphony #2, 2nd mvt. |