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Constitution Writing, by Type of Conflict
Most new constitutions arise in response to increasing institutional dysfunction or internal conflict—or both. In this portion of the website, we have grouped constitution writing processes by types of conflict in order to facilitate quick reference. In some instances, constitution writing took place in complex contexts where civil war and governmental instability or incapacity both created a challenge to incumbents.
(* See definitions: types of conflict)
Civil War, Constitution Part of Peace Settlement
Civil War/Severe Internal Conflict
De-Colonization
Collapse of a Federation
Institutional Crisis
Civil War (Constitution Part of Peace Settlement)
Angola 1992
Bosnia-Herzegovina 1995
Burundi 2001
Cambodia 1976
Cambodia 1981
Cambodia 1993
Chad 1989
Chad 1996
Colombia 1991
Comoros 2002
Congo, Republic of 2002
East Timor 2002
El Salvador 1992
Eritrea 1997
Ethiopia 1994
Lebanon 1990
Namibia 1990
Rwanda 1991
Rwanda 2003
South Africa 1996
Sri Lanka 1987
Tajikistan 1994
Tajikistan 1999
Zimbabwe 1979
Civil War/Severe Internal Conflict
Afghanistan
Angola
Azerbaijan
Bolivia 1994 (check)
Bosnia Herzegovina
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon (check)
Chad
Chile
Colombia
Congo, Republic of
East Timor
El Salvador
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Georgia
Guatemala 1994
Guatemala
Iran
Lebanon
Liberia
Mozambique
Namibia
Nicaragua
Philippines
Peru
Rwanda
Sierra Leone
South Africa
Sudan
Suriname
Tajikistan
Uganda
Yugoslavia
Zimbabwe
Decolonization Process
Djibouti 1977
East Timor 2002
Kiribati 1979
Marshall Islands 1979
Micronesia, Federated States of 1978
Namibia 1990
Palau 1992
Papua New Guinea 1975
Solomon Islands 1978
Tuvalu 1978
Vanuatu 1979
Zimbabwe 1979
Collapse of a Federation
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Belarus
Comoros
Croatia
Czech Republic
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgystan
Latvia
Lithuania
Moldova
Macedonia
Russia
Slovenia
Slovakia
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Yugoslavia
Institutional Crisis
Albania 1998
Algeria 1976
Algeria 1989
Algeria 1996
Armenia 1995
Azerbaijan 1995
Bangladesh 1975
Bangladesh 1991
Benin 1977
Benin 1990
Brazil 1988
Bulgaria 1991
Burkina Faso 1991
Burkina Faso 1997
Cameroon 1996
Cape Verde 1992
Central African Republic 1981
Central African Republic 1992
Central African Republic 1994
Chad 1996
Colombia 1991
Comoros 1989
Comoros 1992
Comoros 1996
Congo, Republic of 1992
Congo, Republic of 2002
Djibouti 1992
Dominican Republic 1994
Ecuador 1978
Ecuador 1998
El Salvador 1983 (check)
El Salvador 1992
Fiji 1990
Fiji 1997
Gabon 1991
Georgia 1995
Ghana 1979
Ghana 1992
Greece 1975
Guinea 1990
Guyana 1980
Haiti 1987
Hungary 1989
Indonesia 2002
Iran 1979 (check)
Kenya 1982
Kenya 1992
Kenya 2003
Kyrgystan 1993
Latvia 1993
Lesotho 1993
Lithuania 1992
Madagascar 1975
Madagascar 1992
Malawi 1995
Mali 1992
Mauritania 1991
Moldova 1994
Mongolia 1992
Mozambique 1990
Nepal 1990
Niger 1989
Niger 1992
Niger 1996
Niger 1999
Nigeria 1978
Nigeria 1999
Pakistan 1985
Paraguay 1992
Peru 1979
Philippines 1987
Poland 1997
Portugal 1976
Romania 1991
Russia 1993
Rwanda 1978
Seychelles 1993
Sierra Leone 1978
Sierra Leone 1991
South Korea 1980
South Korea 1987
Spain 1978
Suriname 1987
Taiwan 1991
Taiwan 1997
Tanzania 1975
Tanzania 1984
Tanzania 1992
Thailand 1976
Thailand 1997
Togo 1992
Trinidad 1976
Turkey 1982
Ukraine 1996
USSR 1990
Venezuela 1999
Zambia 1991
Vanuatu 1979