Announcements:
Why do gay men move to San Francisco? 4:15 pm in Bowl 1 WWS
News items? U. Conn. And women's basketball - how is that story about gender.
Class Business
alumni careers, 2:30 pm.
Review of previous lectures
· sociological theories learned thus far:
ethnomethodology (theory of individual action in response to interaction with others and accountability constraints)
social network theory (a social structural theory influencing human interaction, flows of information, and access to resources)
life course theory (this is a theory of interaction between the individual and social structures and it specifically looks at the sequencing of events in people's lives.
· economic theory learned thus far:
human capital theory (theory of individual achievement leading to appropriate rewards - doesn't explain the entire earnings gap)
· schools and education
Education and the Gender Gap
Review Trends in Education: equality attained?
Educational Attainment
College Enrollment
College Majors
Paths to Higher Education
New material….
Returns to Higher Education
Race and Ethnic Comparisons
International Comparisons
Explanations for Gender Similarities and Differences in Education
· Sexism in the Classroom
· Network Theory
· Theory of Limited Differences
What explains the gender gap in college majors?
Evidence of the Math Gap in High School
Self Esteem, and Social Psychology of Expectations
the higher the expectations held for one actor compared to another:
1)the more opportunities the actor will be given to participate
2)the more task suggestions s/he will make
3)the greater the likelihood that these suggestions will be positively evaluated by others
4)the more influential s/he will be over group decisions.
The Path to Math Theory
Sexism and Attitudes
Summary:
Social Psychology of Expectation
Path to Math
Sexism
Policy Solutions
Single Sex Schools?
Teacher Training/ Curricular Material
EXAMPLES OF SEXIST INCIDENTS BY FORM AND TYPE OF SCHOOL
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GENDER REINFORCEMENT |
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Boys' Schools |
A wall display features all-male groups, especially teams from contact sports; several male teachers chide students for tentativeness |
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Coed Schools |
Girls take responsibility for or remind their classmates about cleaning up and picking up after themselves in the classroom; wall displays feature all-male groups, especially teams from contact sports. |
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Girls Schools |
A chemistry teacher uses her diamond engagement ring as an example of carbon; a display in an art studio features women's costumes and hats. |
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EMBEDDED DISCRIMINATION |
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Boys' Schools |
A wall display of authors includes photographs almost exclusively of men; there are no pictures of women in a history class |
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Coed Schools |
A chemistry teacher refers to a mixed-sex class as "you guys"; A teacher refers to the names of fraternities (but not of sororities) as examples of Greek letters. |
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Girls Schools |
A male calculus teacher uses exclusionary language; a classroom display features quotations from male , but not from female authors |
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SEX-ROLE STEREOTYPING |
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Boys' Schools |
A student-made wall poster of The Inferno depicts women in skimpy bikinis; females are the object of cartoon jokes. |
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Coed Schools |
no incident of this form was observed |
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Girls Schools |
A male French teacher addresses a student as "ma jolie"; a male chemistry teacher addresses students as "ladies" |
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GENDER DOMINATION |
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Coed Schools |
A male chemistry teacher directs his attention almost exclusively to the boys; a male history teacher calls on the boys and ignores girls whose hands are raised; a female chemistry teacher reprimands girls for talking in class without raising their hands, but allows the same behavior for boys. |
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ACTIVE DISCRIMINATION |
|
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Coed Schools |
A male history teacher ridicules a girl's answer; a male chemistry teacher responds to a girl's answer, "Kathy...wrong as usual!" ; The class laughs at a girls as she is mocked by a male chemistry teacher. |
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EXPLICITY SEXUAL INCIDENTS |
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Boys' Schools |
During English class, students read aloud essays with sensuous descriptions of girls in bikinis; a classroom display features suggestive pictures of the female body; a male teacher addresses his students as "studs." |
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Coed Schools |
no incidents of this form observed |
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Girls Schools |
no incidents of this form observed |
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From: Lee, Valerie E., Helen Marks, Tina Byrd. 1994. "Sexism in Single-Sex and Coeducational Independent Secondary School Classrooms." Sociology of Education Vol. 67 April. Pp. 92-120 |
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