North-East India: March 3-13, 2004

 

Participants: Vivek Tiwari, Sujan Chatterjee, Mohit Aggarwal

 

Author: Vivek Tiwari; Author contact: spiderhunters@yahoo.com

 

(pic)                                                                 (pic)

Hoolock Gibbon Female                                   Orange Oakleaf Butterfly

Deban, Namdapha NP                                     Hornbill Camp, Namdapha NP

 

(pic)                                                                 (pic)

Streaked Spiderhunter                                      Black (Malayan) Giant Squirrel                        

MV Road, Namdapha NP                                Deban, Namdapha NP                                    

 

Itinerary:

 

2 March: Flight from Delhi to Dibrugarh. Dibrugarh to Miao.

3 March: Miao to Deban. Evening walk by the Noa-Dihing River below the forest rest house.

4 March: Trek from Deban to Haldibari.

5 March: Trek from Haldibari to Hornbill.

6 March: Trek from Hornbill to past Bulbulia and back to Hornbill.

7 March: Hornbill to Deban.

8 March: AM: MV Road ~3Km past Deban engineering camp

               PM: North bank of Noa-Dihing across from Deban FRH.

9 March: AM: Near Deban FRH; PM Drive to Tinsukhia via Miao.

10 March: AM: Dibru-Saikhowa, boat-ride and birding along north bank on Dibru River

                 PM: Drive to Wild Grass Resort near Kaziranga NP

11 March: AM: Jeep ride Eastern Range up-to Pelican point;

                 PM: Central Range up-to the lake

12 March: AM: Central Range (woodland track).

                 PM: Tea plantation south of Wild Grass.

13 March: AM: Panbari Forest Reserve;

                 PM: Drive to Guwahati for flight back to Delhi.

 

Logistics arranged by:

   Asian Adventures (contact: info@indianwildlife.com)

   & HELP Tourism (contact: sujan75@vsnl.net)

 

Key highlights: Beautiful Nuthatch, Black-headed Shrike Babbler, Greater Rufous-headed

Parrotbill, Broad-billed Warbler, Rufous-backed Sibia, Rufous-throated Fulvetta,

Rufous-necked Hornbill,  Brown Hornbill, White-bellied Heron, Ibisbill, Jerdon’s Babbler,

Bengal Florican, Hodgson’s Redstart.

Also: Hoolock Gibbon, Slow Loris, Hog-Badger, Namdapha Flying Squirrel.

 

In March 2004, Mohit Aggarwal, Sujan Chatterjee and I made a 10-day birding

trip to the Northeast (Namdapha National Park, Arunachal Pradesh and

Kaziranga National Park, Assam with a day at Dibru-Saikhowa Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam).

This was a long awaited and anticipated trip for us. Namdapha, in particular, was a place

that had captured my imagination the first time I heard about it many years ago.

 

Some brief notes and an annotated trip-list follow (with links to some photos

taken on the trip).

 

Namdapha is now surprisingly accessible for a place that's literally in the extreme

eastern corner of the country. Once you get to Dibrugarh or Tinsukhia and

have the Inner Line and Park permits (Mohit and Sujan got these for us ahead of time),

in just 5-6 hrs one can be in Deban looking at Beautiful Sibias. Of course to get to some

of the real avian prizes like Beautiful Nuthatch and Snowy-throated Babbler, camping for

multiple nights in the tourist  buffer zone is required (Haldibari/Hornmbill/Bulbulia/Embeong),

at least until further explorations by more birders can find these special species closer

to Deban.

 

On the 3rd day of the trek, I did hit a bonanza flock past Bulbulia which

yielded 3 Beautiful Nuthatches, and other goodies like Black-headed Shrike Babbler,

Red-billed Scimitar Babbler, and two of the longest names among Indian birds -

Greater Rufous-headed Parrotbill and  Slender-billed Scimitar Babbler. However missed

out on the ultimate Namdapha specialty - Snowy-throated Babbler and some other

bamboo specialties and it was only  later that we found out that further towards Embeong

and Rani Jheel would have been  better for these. We made the strategic mistake of not

camping there or at least spending a few more hours in the area east of Bulbulia.

 

Closer to Deban and Haldibari we found other stars like 5 Ibisbills, White-bellied Heron,

Pied Falconets, Rufous-necked Hornbills, a single Brown Hornbill,  Broad-billed Warbler etc.

 

(See the notes in the trip list for details).

 

While we saw about a third of the 450 odd species on the park's list, including 25 species

of babblers, birding was challenging and in the limited time we had, every species had to

be earned. Typical rainforest birding with lots of skulkers and mostly a matter of finding the

right flocks.  During the trek, after the initial activity in the early morning, there would be

long slow stretches with only an occasional warbler or flycatcher in the under-story.

Then one would hit a canopy flock with all the little critters managing a good

job of hiding behind leaves or posing under the worst possible light. All the while

all the leeches within a radius of a 3-4 feet, would hone in towards our feet with

uncanny accuracy (guided by body heat and driven by pure bloodthirstiness).

 

If it wasn't for the "joke mojas" (leech socks), that Sujan had brought along, we

could have come back several kgs lighter! The ubiquitous leech was a dark brown

one that thankfully stayed on the ground and the leech socks performed well.

Before entering the tent for the night though, one still had to be scan carefully for

any leeches that may have hitched a ride, However past Haldibari, we started running into

this beautifully patterned green leech that apparently was up into the undergrowth and

low branches and was better at beating our defenses.

 

Some personal impressions on the state of the park: the difficult terrain of the core areas is

its greatest defense at this point. The park staff are knowledgeable

and commendably courteous to visitors, and very helpful in arranging logistics and porters

(Chakma tribals who have settled in the area) for treks. However the staff do spend

essentially all their time in Deban. Their relations with the Lisus living in the park

are strained (i.e. the staff’s attempts to curb hunting have led to threats against them).

Hunting and trapping are apparently rampant as evidenced by the lack of

big mammals. Mohit did hear a tiger on the road before Deban  but that was the only

evidence we came  across of any cats. A Swiss group came across a Gaur near

Embeong but the joke among  the locals was that the particular animal was

alive just because it was Lent.

 

There is significant foot traffic along the Noa-Dihing, mostly Lisus traveling between the

 markets in Miao and the Lisu settlement in Gandhigram on the Myanmar border.

We came across Lisu families in traditional attire as well as teenagers in metro clothes and

sneakers. One afternoon we crossed the river at Deban to check out a new private tourist

camp that has come up on the north shore just outside the park boundary. There is a village

there and entire area is  completely deforested and quite a contrast to what's in the park.

(On a side note, Daphabum, at 15,020 ft , the highest point in the park, was visible as a

distant, hazy snow covered peak from here, though its not visible from the opposite shore).

The western shore of the Deban river (outside the park) also appeared to have signs of

significant human settlement, visible from the initial part of the trek to Haldibari.

 

All this only underscores the importance of the additional attention that’s needed for the

protection of the park. A strikingly large fraction of the NE Himalayan endemic species

we saw are considered at risk (see annotations in species list below). Namdapha has to

be a key piece in  the remaining habitat for these, patchy and scattered as  it is, across

NE India and north Indochina. The declaration of a huge protected area in

Myanmar (Hukawng Valley NP), contiguous with Namdapha and just over the

Patkai Range to the south is a very positive development but additional encroachments on

both sides of the international border would need to be controlled to ensure habitat continuity.

 

There were other rewards besides special birds. 4 species of primates including

multiple sightings of Hoolock Gibbons, the only non-human ape species in India.

There was at least one pair of Hoolocks that stayed around Deban and even

an amateur like me got (digiscoped) close-ups of these, as well of those of

the Malayan Giant Squirrels (see under Mammals below).

The recently described, nocturnal Namdapha Flying squirrel was also seen at night at

Hornbill and at Deban. There were of course other things to see - a Hog-Badger

that wandered onto the trail, lots of butterflies, and at all times the luxuriant, varied vegetation

with tree ferns and bamboo and wild banana growing next to each other.

 

A botanical highlight was a flower and bud of the endangered  root parasitic plant

Sapria himalayana of the family Rafflesiaceae.  (This is the family that includes

_Rafflesia arnoldii_ of Sumatra - the largest flower in the world).  Sapria himalayana is known

from only a few other sites in Arunachal and has a very limited worldwide distribution.

(See http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/dec252003/1668.pdf for more details on this plant)

 

While trekking back to Deban we ran into Joynal (Benu) Abedin of the Dibru-Saikhowa

Wildlife Conservation Society, who also runs a tourist camp near Dibru-Saikhowa.

He encouraged us to visit Dibru-Saikhowa assuring us of a good chance for

the specialties - Black-breasted Parrotbill, Jerdon's and Marsh Babblers etc.

(After dinner that night at Deban, he also tipped us off on a Slow Loris near the FRH

and with a little bit of effort we had a Slow Loris in our flashlights. Quite a thrill,

with a Namdapha Flying Squirrel added in as a bonus.)

 

With the change in plans, after we left Namdapha on the 9th we stayed the

night in Tinsukhia and got to Guijan Ghat on the morning of the 10th.

With a young guide Vijay Rajak and a forest guard armed with a rifle and

elephant shot (standard practice here and at Kaziranga),  we puttered up the Dibru river for

about an hour and landed at a site on the north shore.  There we spent a  couple of hours

looking for our target species. It was an interesting  experience, walking  through

dense 10 feet high elephant  grass, stepping on elephant and tiger pugmarks. However,

we did get great views of a Jerdon's Babbler but only the backs of a couple of

Black-breasted Parrotbills as they dove into cover.

 

The other specialty, the Marsh Babbler was apparently better found further

east on the main track towards Kolomi. I got only as far as Kundaghat Camp but it was

getting  late and reluctantly we had to leave and headed off towards Kaziranga, reaching

the Wild Grass Lodge late at night.

 

Kaziranga of course was a complete change with relaxed big game viewing –

Wild Buffalo, Elephants, Rhino, Swamp Deer, Wild Boar often in the same field of view.

Elephants mating in the open, rhinos mock-charging – all quintessential Kaziranga.

Diligent scoping in the Central Range finally provided a glimpse of my main target

there - Bengal Florican. The grass-burning season has just started and we watched as

Black Drongos and Indian Rollers would fly in as soon as the forest guards lit flames

(a BBC crew was there shooting the same scene for the "Great Plains" episode of a

new BBC series "Planet Earth" that will air in a couple of years).

 

We did lose a good part of one morning due to a bandh (strike). Not much happened

but we ended up leaving late in the morning and taking the back-roads to stay

off the main highway. The tea gardens in the area are worth exploring as well.

A couple of hours I spent in the gardens south of Wild Grass (in the direction of the

Karbi hills), hinted at a lot of potential there, given the scattered patches of

bamboo and wild vegetation along a stream there. Also encouraging are the keen, young

guides at Wild Grass. Nekib Ali, a guide I spent some time with knew his birds (trained by

Mann Barua) and was also eager to learn. We found a flock of

Rufous-necked Laughingthrushes with a couple of White-browed Scimitar Babblers,

but missed out on White-headed Babbler.

 

After 3 days in open country we were already missing the forest, so for our last

morning we decided to spend time in Panbari - the narrow band of tall forest that

provides shelter to Kaziranga's mammals during the flood season (once they negotiate the

traffic on the highway that is!). In the 2 hours or so that we had, the early part was really

slow as our assigned forest guard stayed on trails close to the road. Later things improved

on a trail that headed into the forest (near the tea gardens on the eastern edge of the reserve).

But just as things were looking up on this trail, we heard the loud snapping of branches

of an elephant close to the trail, causing us to beat a hasty retreat.  However did get

Abbot's Babbler here. A quick stop at Kohora, yielded a female Hodgson's Redstart

(a species currently not on the Kaziranga checklist.)

 

After that it was time to drive straight back to Guwahati for the flight back to Delhi.

 

------------------

 

Trip List:

 

Species order and names follow the OBC checklist.

 

Key: N - Namdapha; D - Dibru-Saikhowa; K - Kaziranga

        3-13 – Dates (3-13 March) sighted;

         h: heard only

         If noted VTi, MAg, SCh: Vivek, Mohit or Sujan only, respectively.

 

Globally threatened and near-threatened species are marked based on information

in Krys Kazmierczak’s “A Birdwatchers’ Guide to India”. The threat categories

given in brackets follow Collar et al’s “Birds to Watch 2” (Cambridge: BirdLife, 1994).

(C) – Critical; (E) – Endangered; (V) – Vulnerable;

(D) – Data Deficient; (N) – Near-threatened.

 

Links are provided to photos taken on the trip by Sujan and I. Sujan was using a

Canon EOS-10D digital SLR with 400mm zoom lens. A great piece of equipment

for  forest birding. I was digiscoping with a Nikon Coolpix 995  and

Mohit's Swarovksi 85mm scope.

 

The high resolution originals are available on request.

 

     OBC English Name               OBC Scientific Name

 

Swamp Francolin                Francolinus gularis     (V)

       D, K. 10 h, 11, 12h

       Multiple sightings in Kaziranga.

Rufous-throated Partridge      Arborophila rufogularis

       N h. 6 h

Red Junglefowl                 Gallus gallus

       K. 11, 12

Kalij Pheasant                 Lophura leucomelanos

       K. 11. Subspecies _lathami_

Grey Peacock Pheasant          Polyplectron bicalcaratum

       N. 5-9

       Heard daily at Namdapha. Very difficult to see. Had a bird flush on the 7th.

       SCh,MAg got a glimpse on the 8th. VTi glimpsed a shape of the bird on the 9th. 

Greylag Goose                  Anser anser

       K. 11

Bar-headed Goose               Anser indicus

       D, K. 10, 11, 12

Ruddy Shelduck                 Tadorna ferruginea

       D. 10

Gadwall                        Anas strepera

       D, K. 10, 11, 12

Eurasian Wigeon                Anas penelope

       K. 11

Spot-billed Duck               Anas poecilorhyncha

       D. 10, 11, 12

Northern Shoveler              Anas clypeata

       K. 11

Northern Pintail               Anas acuta

       K. 11

Common Teal                    Anas crecca

       K. 11

Tufted Duck                    Aythya fuligula

       K. 11

Common Merganser               Mergus merganser

       N. 3, 4, 8, 9

White-browed Piculet           Sasia ochracea

       N. 4, 7, 8

       A great looking, daring bird that would come down to eye level and only a few feet away.

       With mixed flocks each time.

Grey-capped Pygmy Woodpecker   Dendrocopos canicapillus

       K. 11

Rufous Woodpecker              Celeus brachyurus

       K. 11

Lesser Yellownape              Picus chlorolophus

       N, K. 9, 11

Greater Yellownape             Picus flavinucha

       N, K. 4, 6, 8, 9, 13

Streak-throated Woodpecker     Picus xanthopygaeus

       K. 11

Grey-headed Woodpecker         Picus canus

       N, K. 9, 12, 13

Black-rumped Flameback         Dinopium benghalense

       K, 11

Greater Flameback              Chrysocolaptes lucidus

       N. 3 h, 5 (MAg, SCh)

Bay Woodpecker                 Blythipicus pyrrhotis

       N. 8 (VTi)

       With the large mixed flock I ran into on MV Road at a bridge ~3-4 Kms from Deban.

Great Barbet                   Megalaima virens

       N. 3-9. Daily in Namdapha

Lineated Barbet                Megalaima lineata

       N, K. 4, 11, 12, 13

Blue-throated Barbet           Megalaima asiatica

       N, D, K. Daily.

Blue-eared Barbet              Megalaima australis

       K h. 13 h

       We listened for it everywhere, but the only confirmed id by call was in the Panbari Forest

       on the last morning. However, the darned thing just wouldn't show itself despite 3 pairs

       of eyes looking up into the tree.

Coppersmith Barbet             Megalaima haemacephala

       N h, D h, K h. 3h, 10-13h

Oriental Pied Hornbill         Anthracoceros albirostris

       K. 11, 13.

       In Eastern and Central Ranges in Kaziranga, including a pair together (see pic).

Great Hornbill                 Buceros bicornis

       N, K. 4, 6, 7, 11

       A pair calling in the afternoon around Haldibari. At one point there was a Great Hornbill

       posing on a tree on one side of camp, and a Rufous-necked Hornbill posing on the other!

       The kind of sublime birding experience that only places like Namdapha can provide.

       On the return trek, between Hornbill and Haldibari a flock of perhaps a dozen

       Great Hornbills “whooshed” directly overhead.

Brown Hornbill                 Anorrhinus tickelli     (N)

       N. 5 (VTi)

       I found a single bird below Haldibari. First heard calling and then seen through a gap

       in the canopy.  Namdapha perhaps provides the best opportunity for seeing this

       species in India.

Rufous-necked Hornbill         Aceros nipalensis     (V)

       N. 4, 5 h, 7 h, 8

       A male seen on the trek to Haldibari and later a pair calling around the Haldibari

       camp, with the female providing a great photo op. A pair seen on MV road as well.

       This is sometimes considered harder to find than the Wreathed Hornbill, which we didn't

       see at all on this trip.

Common Hoopoe                  Upupa epops

       K. 11, 12

Red-headed Trogon              Harpactes erythrocephalus

       N. 4, 5, 7. Multiple sightings on the trek in Namdapha.

Indian Roller                  Coracias benghalensis

       N, D, K. 3, 8-13

Dollarbird                     Eurystomus orientalis

       N. 5 (VTi, SCh)

       5 birds flying across a clearing one behind the other at Halidbari.

Common Kingfisher              Alcedo atthis

       K. 11, 13

Stork-billed Kingfisher        Halcyon capensis

       D, K. 10, 11

White-throated Kingfisher      Halcyon smyrnensis

       N, D, K. 3, 10-13

Crested Kingfisher             Megaceryle lugubris

       N. 3, 7, 8. On the Noa-Dihing at Deban.

Pied Kingfisher                Ceryle rudis

       D, K. 10, 11, 12

Blue-bearded Bee-eater         Nyctyornis athertoni

       N, K. 5, 7, 11

Green Bee-eater                Merops orientalis

       K. 11, 12

Chestnut-headed Bee-eater      Merops leschenaulti

       K. 11, 12

Large Hawk Cuckoo              Hierococcyx sparverioides

       N. 5 h, 6 h, 7, 9 h

Green-billed Malkoha           Phaenicophaeus tristis

       N, K. 5, 11, 12, 13

       With mixed flocks each time.

Greater Coucal                 Centropus sinensis

       K. 11, 12, 13h

Lesser Coucal                  Centropus bengalensis

       N. 8

       The river edge grasslands below Deban looked like an ideal spot for this species,

       but only saw this once and that too a pretty shy bird.

Alexandrine Parakeet           Psittacula eupatria

       K. 11

Rose-ringed Parakeet           Psittacula krameri

       D, K. 10-13

Red-breasted Parakeet          Psittacula alexandri

       K. 11-13. Kaziranga and Panbari.

Silver-backed Needletail       Hirundapus cochinchinensis

       N. 8, 9

       In early morning, a small flock of Needletails over the intersection of MV Road and the

       road down to Deban FRH. The upper back was whitish in distinct contrast with

       the rest of the dark upperparts. The throat was dark like the breast and belly but at

       certain angles it appeared a bit lighter on some of the birds.

Asian Palm Swift               Cypsiurus balasiensis

       N, K. 3, 11-13

House Swift                    Apus affinis

       N. 6.

Mountain Scops Owl             Otus spilocephalus

       N h. 4 h, 5 h, 6 h, 8 h. Heard every night on the trek. Also at Deban.

Brown Wood Owl                 Strix leptogrammica

       N h. 4 h. Heard outside Deban FRH.

Collared Owlet                 Glaucidium brodiei

       N h. 4-7 h, 9 h

       Heard daily at Namdapha - day and night.

Asian Barred Owlet             Glaucidium cuculoides

       N, D, K. 3, 4-7 h, 8, 9 h, 10-13

       The calls of this and Jungle Owlet can be confusing.

       But those we heard in Namdapha were judged to be all Asian Barred.

Jungle Owlet                   Glaucidium radiatum

       K. 11, 13

Spotted Owlet                  Athene brama

       K. 11, 13

Brown Hawk Owl                 Ninox scutulata

       N h. 3 h, 9 h. Heard outside Deban FRH.

Rock Pigeon                    Columba livia

       N, D, K. 3, 9-13

Spotted Dove                   Streptopelia chinensis

       N, D, K. 3, 4, 8-13

Red Collared Dove              Streptopelia tranquebarica

       K. 12

Emerald Dove                   Chalcophaps indica

       N, K. 3, 9, 12

Yellow-footed Green Pigeon     Treron phoenicoptera

       D, K. 10-12

Pin-tailed Green Pigeon        Treron apicauda

       N. 5, 7, 9. On the trek in Namdapha.

Green Imperial Pigeon          Ducula aenea

       N h, D, K. 7 h, 10, 11, 13

       Heard at Namdapha. Great views of a pair at Dibru-Saikhowa. Also at Kaziranga.

Mountain Imperial Pigeon       Ducula badia

       N. 4-7

       Flying overhead daily on the trek in Namdapha. Mainly in the morning and late afternoon.

Bengal Florican                Houbaropsis bengalensis     (E)

       K. 12

       I found a distant male and female after much effort in the grasslands

       west of the road past the entrance gate in the Central Range on the 2nd day.

       Not the best of views but still a big thrill since this was the main target in Kaziranga.

White-breasted Waterhen        Amaurornis phoenicurus

       D, K. 10-13

Watercock                      Gallicrex cinerea

       K. 11

Common Moorhen                 Gallinula chloropus

       K. 11, 12

Common Coot                    Fulica atra

       K. 11

Pintail Snipe                  Gallinago stenura

       K. 11 (MAg, SCh)

Common Greenshank              Tringa nebularia

       K. 11

Wood Sandpiper                 Tringa glareola

       K. 11

Common Sandpiper               Actitis hypoleucos

       N, D. 8, 10

Bronze-winged Jacana           Metopidius indicus

       K. 11-13

Ibisbill                       Ibidorhyncha struthersii

       N. 3

       On the south bank of the Noa-Dihing, downstream from the FRH. Initially Mohit

       found 2 distant birds in the scope on a pebble strewn island. Later after crossing a

       stream and getting closer, I found a total of 5 birds!

       Excellent views including birds preening, flying, calling. A trip highlight..

Little Ringed Plover           Charadrius dubius

       D. 10

Northern Lapwing               Vanellus vanellus

       K. 11

River Lapwing                  Vanellus duvaucelii

       K. 12

Grey-headed Lapwing            Vanellus cinereus     (N)

       K. 12

Red-wattled Lapwing            Vanellus indicus

       N, K. 3, 7h, 11

Pallas's Gull                  Larus ichthyaetus

       D. 10

River Tern                     Sterna aurantia

       K. 11, 12

Osprey                         Pandion haliaetus

       K. 11

Oriental Honey-buzzard         Pernis ptilorhynchus

       K. 12

Black-shouldered Kite          Elanus caeruleus

       D, K. 10, 11

Black Kite                     Milvus migrans

       D, K. 10, 13

Pallas's Fish Eagle            Haliaeetus leucoryphus     (V)

       K. 11, 12

       In Eastern and Central ranges. A bird on a nest with two juveniles in the E. range.

Grey-headed Fish Eagle         Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus     (N)

      K. 11. Eastern Range, Kaziranga. At least 2 different sightings.

Slender-billed Vulture           Gyps fulvus     (E)

       K. 12

Long-billed Vulture            Gyps indicus     (E)

       D, K. 10, 11, 12

Crested Serpent Eagle          Spilornis cheela

       N, K. 4h, 8, 9, 11

Hen Harrier                    Circus cyaneus

       N, K. 3, 11

       A handsome male just outside Miao. Also the Eastern Range in Kaziranga.

Pied Harrier                   Circus melanoleucos

       K. 12. Male, Central Range in Kaziranga.

Shikra                         Accipiter badius

       K. 11-13

Eurasian Sparrowhawk           Accipiter nisus

       D. 10 (MAg, SCh)

Black Eagle                    Ictinaetus malayensis

       N. 3

Greater Spotted Eagle          Aquila clanga     (V)

       K. 12

Steppe Eagle                   Aquila nipalensis

       K. 11

Rufous-bellied Eagle           Hieraaetus kienerii

       N. 3

Changeable Hawk Eagle          Spizaetus cirrhatus

       K. 11, 12

Mountain Hawk Eagle            Spizaetus nipalensis

       N. 5, 8

Pied Falconet                  Microhierax melanoleucos     (N)

       N. 5-8

       One of my favorites for the trip. I was absolutely thrilled when I found

       one in fading light atop a tall distant snag at Hornbill. But then we ended up seeing it

       everyday the next four days. On the 6th there was 3 birds together on the same snag.

       Later also seen at Deban FRH on two different days at different locations.

       Obviously not an uncommon species at Namdapha.

Common Kestrel                 Falco tinnunculus

       N, D, K. 8, 10-12

Peregrine Falcon               Falco peregrinus

       N. 3

Little Grebe                   Tachybaptus ruficollis

       K. 11

Darter                         Anhinga melanogaster    (V)

       D, K. 10-12

Little Cormorant               Phalacrocorax niger

       D, K. 10-13

Indian Cormorant               Phalacrocorax fuscicollis

       D. 10

Great Cormorant                Phalacrocorax carbo

       N, D, K. 3, 4, 7-12

       Several in breeding plumage on the Noa-Dihing.

Little Egret                   Egretta garzetta

       D, K. 10-12

Grey Heron                     Ardea cinerea

       K. 11, 12

White-bellied Heron            Ardea insignis    (E)

       N. 3

       On the first afternoon at Namdapha. The staff told us that a W-B Heron flew over the

       river past the FRH around 3PM daily. After walking along the bank for a hour and a

       half we had given up hope when Sujan spotted this huge bird slowly flying away in

       the distant. This was good since we did not see it again. An Italian group that was in

       Namdapha at the same time missed this species.

Purple Heron                   Ardea purpurea

       K. 11, 12

Great Egret                    Casmerodius albus

       K. 11-13

Intermediate Egret             Mesophoyx intermedia

       K. 11

Cattle Egret                   Bubulcus ibis

       D, K. 10-12

Indian Pond Heron              Ardeola grayii

       N, D, K. 3, 9-12

Little Heron                   Butorides striatus

       D. 10

Spot-billed Pelican            Pelecanus philippensis    (V)

       K. 2, 11.

       A fly-over flock near Dibrugarh airport on the 2nd and on 11th the

       large Pelican colony in the Eastern range.

Asian Openbill                 Anastomus oscitans     (V)

       D, K. 10, 11, 13

Black Stork                    Ciconia nigra

       N, K. 4, 10, 12

Woolly-necked Stork            Ciconia episcopus

       K. 11, 12

Black-necked Stork             Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus

       K. 11-12

Lesser Adjutant                Leptoptilos javanicus     (V)

       K. 11-13. Including an adult feeding a juv. on a nest.

Greater Adjutant               Leptoptilos dubius     (E)

       K. 11-13

Blue-winged Leafbird         Chloropsis cochinchinensis

       K. 12.

Golden-fronted Leafbird        Chloropsis aurifrons

       N, K. 5, 13

Orange-bellied Leafbird        Chloropsis hardwickii

       N. 3-10. Daily in Namdapha

Brown Shrike                   Lanius cristatus

       K. 11-13      

Long-tailed Shrike             Lanius schach

       N, K. 3, 9-12. ssp. _tricolor_

Grey-backed Shrike             Lanius tephronotus

       N, K. 3, 8, 9, 11-13

Common Green Magpie            Cissa chinensis

       N. 5, 6, 8

       Multiple sightings, with a mixed flock near Hornbill and singly at Deban and Panbari.

Rufous Treepie                 Dendrocitta vagabunda

       D, K. 10-13

Grey Treepie                   Dendrocitta formosae

       N. 8, 9. Unfortunately, just couldn't turn up a Collared Treepie anywhere.

House Crow                     Corvus splendens

       D, K. 10, 13

Large-billed Crow              Corvus macrorhynchos

       N, D, K. 3, 5, 7 h, 8-13

Black-hooded Oriole            Oriolus xanthornus

       N, K. 3, 11, 12

Maroon Oriole                  Oriolus traillii

       N. 3, 4, 6, 7

       Common on Coral and Semal trees in Namdapha.

Large Cuckooshrike             Coracina macei

       K. 11-13. With mixed flocks.

Black-winged Cuckooshrike      Coracina melaschistos

       N. 5, 6. Haldibari.

Long-tailed Minivet            Pericrocotus ethologus

       K. 11, 12

Short-billed Minivet           Pericrocotus brevirostris

       K. 12

Scarlet Minivet                Pericrocotus flammeus

       N, K. 3-6, 8, 9, 11

       Colorful flocks of Minivets flying overhead and then landing and promptly

       vanishing into the canopy was a common sight. Whenever we managed an identifiable

       look, they were mostly Scarlet. Only in Kaziranga, did I have a bird that I was

       comfortable identifying as a Short-billed. 

Yellow-bellied Fantail         Rhipidura hypoxantha

       N. 4-8

White-throated Fantail         Rhipidura albicollis

       N. 5, 7-9

Black Drongo                   Dicrurus macrocercus

       D, K. 10-13

Ashy Drongo                    Dicrurus leucophaeus

       N. 3-9

Bronzed Drongo                 Dicrurus aeneus

       N. 3-5, 8

Lesser Racket-tailed Drongo    Dicrurus remifer

       N. 5-9

Spangled Drongo                Dicrurus hottentottus

       N, K. 3, 4, 8, 11, 12

Greater Racket-tailed Drongo   Dicrurus paradiseus

       N, K. 4, 8, 9, 11, 13

Black-naped Monarch            Hypothymis azurea

       K. 13. Panbari.

Large Woodshrike               Tephrodornis gularis

       N, K. 4-6, 8, 12, 13

       Common with mixed flocks in Namdapha

Brown Dipper                   Cinclus pallasii

       N. 3, 8

       Noa-Dihing below the Deban FRH

Blue Rock Thrush               Monticola solitarius

       N. 8 (MAg, SCh) at eco-camp opposite Deban, 9 on a dry creek bed on MV road.

Blue Whistling Thrush          Myophonus caeruleus

       N. 3, 8, 9

Scaly Thrush                   Zoothera dauma

       N. 7

       The only _Zoothera_ seen. Flushed from the path between Haldibari and Deban.

White-collared Blackbird       Turdus albocinctus

       N. 4 (MAg, SCh)

Dark-throated Thrush           Turdus ruficollis (pic 1) (pic 2)

       N. 5, 6

       A single bird foraging on open ground a few yards away at Hornbill

       camp provided this great photo op.

Snowy-browed Flycatcher        Ficedula hyperythra

       N. 5. Multiple sightings between Haldibari and Hornbill.

Verditer Flycatcher            Eumyias thalassina

       K. 12

Large Niltava                  Niltava grandis

       N. On 4th a female, a male on the 6th (MAg, SCh)

Small Niltava                  Niltava macgrigoriae

       N, K. 9, 11

Rufous-bellied Niltava         Niltava sundara

       N. 8, 9

Pygmy Blue Flycatcher          Muscicapella hodgsoni

       N. 3-6

       The most common blue flycatcher in Namdapha. Often the only bird seen during

        long slow stretches in late morning/early afternoon.

Grey-headed Canary Flycatcher  Culicicapa ceylonensis

       N. 4-8

       With flocks and alone in the understory.

White-tailed Rubythroat        Luscinia pectoralis

       D. 10. At Dibru-Saikhowa on the north bank.

Oriental Magpie Robin          Copsychus saularis

       N, K. 3, 11-13

White-rumped Shama             Copsychus malabaricus

       K. 11, 12

       A very confiding individual in the Wild Grass Lodge garden at dawn on the 12th.

Hodgson's Redstart             Phoenicurus hodgsoni

       K f. 13 f (VTi)

       Essentially the last bird of the trip. I found (and digiscoped) a female

       at Kohora on our last failed attempt to find the Black-backed Forktail that had been seen

       at the stream below the Soil Conservation Dept's rest house on the road that leads up into

       the Karbi Hills. The species is not on the Kaziranga checklist.

Daurian Redstart               Phoenicurus auroreus

       K f. 11 f, 12f

       In the gardens around Wild Grass lodge. Both times a female.

White-capped Water Redstart    Chaimarrornis leucocephalus

       N, K. 3, 8, 11, 13

Plumbeous Water Redstart       Rhyacornis fuliginosus

       N. 3, 4, 7, 8

White-tailed Robin             Myiomela leucura

       N, K. 5 h, 6, 13

       A bird just past Hornbill seen on two days. Also at Panbari.

Little Forktail                Enicurus scouleri

       N. 3

       A single bird near the Ibisbills.

Slaty-backed Forktail          Enicurus schistaceus

       N. 3, 6, 8, 9

       The common forktail of the small forest nullahs (rivulets) in Namdapha.

White-crowned Forktail         Enicurus leschenaulti

       N. 6

       In the sulfur-spring fed stream in the clearing below Bulbulia.

Common Stonechat               Saxicola torquata

       N, D, K. 3, 8, 10-12

Grey Bushchat                  Saxicola ferrea

       N. 4

Spot-winged Starling           Saroglossa spiloptera     (N)

       K. 12, 13

       2 large flying flocks, once in the Central Range, once near Panbari.

       Perhaps getting ready for their westward migration.

Chestnut-tailed Starling       Sturnus malabaricus

       N, D, K. 3, 9-13

Asian Pied Starling            Sturnus contra

       D, K. 10-13

Common Myna                    Acridotheres tristis

       N, D, K. 3, 8-13

Jungle Myna                    Acridotheres fuscus

       N, D, K. 3, 8-13

White-vented (Great) Myna      Acridotheres cinereus

       N, D, K. 3, 10, 11

       At Miao on a Semal tree near the tourist bungalow. At Dibrugarh in hotel trees

       and on the top of pigs in Dibru-Saikhowa.

Chestnut-bellied Nuthatch      Sitta castanea

       N. 3, 5-7

Beautiful Nuthatch             Sitta formosa     (V)

       N. 6  (VTi, MAg)

       Yes!! It was about an hour and half after we had reached the extensive bamboo

       stand 2-3Kms past Bulbulia. About 11AM and past the time we had decided we

       would turn back for spending some time in Bulbulia camp prior to heading back to

       Hornbill for the night. The only birds we had seen so far in the bamboo was a flock of

       Yellow-bellied Warblers. Sujan had already turned back, but I kept going further,

       repeatedly telling Mohit that I will turn back after the "next" corner. Finally heard some

       chips and chirps of a flock and suddenly the mixed-long-named-species flock

       was right there, crossing the trail ahead. The first bird was a Slender-billed Scimitar babbler,

       followed by a Greater Rufous-headed Parrotbill. Then a Red-billed Scimitar Babbler

        probing along a low branch with its curved bill and a striking looking

       Black-headed Shrike Babbler creeping along the moss-covered branches of a tree.

       And then there it was, a Beautiful Nuthatch! In the meantime Mohit who was behind a

       corner was looking at 2 more of the Nuthatches. Later as we watched together,

       the 3 birds came into the same field of view, and we really feasted our eyes on this

       beautiful and special species.

Great Tit                      Parus major

      K. 12

Sultan Tit                     Melanochlora sultanea

      N. 3-7

      Common in Namdapha with mixed flocks.

Plain Martin                   Riparia paludicola

      N, D. 3, 10

Barn Swallow                   Hirundo rustica

      D, K. 10-13

Nepal House Martin             Delichon nipalensis

      N. 3

Striated Bulbul                  Pycnonotus striatus

      N. 9 (SCh). MV road near Deban.

Black-crested Bulbul           Pycnonotus melanicterus

      N, K. 4, 9, 13

Red-whiskered Bulbul           Pycnonotus jocosus

      N, D, K. 3-5, 8-13

Red-vented Bulbul              Pycnonotus cafer

      N, D, K. 3, 7-13

      The darker eastern races. The ones in Namdapha could have been _stanfordi_  

White-throated Bulbul          Alophoixus flaveolus

      N, K. 4-9, 13 h

      One of the most conspicuous bird in Namdapha.

Ashy Bulbul                    Hemixos flavala

      N. 4-8

Black Bulbul                   Hypsipetes leucocephalus

      N. 8, 9

Zitting Cisticola              Cisticola juncidis

      D, K. 10, 11

Plain Prinia                  Prinia inornata

      D. 10

Yellow-bellied Prinia          Prinia flaviventris

      N, D. 3, 8, 10

Oriental White-Eye             Zosterops palpebrosus

      N, K. 4, 12

Chestnut-headed Tesia          Tesia castaneocoronata

      N. 7 (VTi)

      A single bird that I saw right outside Deban FRH was the only sighting.

Slaty-bellied Tesia            Tesia olivea

      N. 3, 7, 8, 9

      Perhaps rather common. Often heard from trailside undergrowth. I had

      eye-popping views of a bird belting out its song in the bamboo below Haldibari.

      Another played hide and seek with our cameras between Hornbill and Haldibari.

      Often heard along MV road and the path down to Deban FRH.

Thick-billed Warbler           Acrocephalus aedon

      D. 10

Common Tailorbird              Orthotomus sutorius

      K. 11-13

Dusky Warbler                  Phylloscopus fuscatus

      D, K. 10, 12 (M, S)

Smoky Warbler                 Phylloscopus fuligiventer (pic 1) (pic 2)

      D. 10

      Two in the elephant grass near a puddle at Dibru-Saikhowa.

      Managed to get these couple of shabby photographs.

      Appears to be the subspecies _fuligiventer_

Tickell's Leaf Warbler         Phylloscopus affinis

      K. 11

Blyth's Leaf Warbler           Phylloscopus reguloides

      N. 5, 7.

      With mixed flocks in Namdapha

Yellow-vented Warbler          Phylloscopus cantator     (N)

      N. 4, 8.

      Singly a couple of times and with mixed flocks in Namdapha.

Golden-spectacled Warbler      Seicercus burkii

      N, K. 9, 11.

Grey-hooded Warbler            Seicercus xanthoschistos

      N. 7

Grey-cheeked Warbler           Seicercus poliogenys

      N. 7, 8

Chestnut-crowned Warbler       Seicercus castaniceps

      N. 7

      In a mixed flock between Hornbill and Haldibari.

Broad-billed Warbler           Tickellia hodgsoni     (N)

      N. 5 (VTi), 7 (MAg, SCh)

      I had a great close looks at a bird that was in the same field of view as

      a Grey-bellied Tesia in the bamboo below Haldibari. A brightly plumaged,

      striking bird that the plates in guides don't do justice to. Mohit and Sujan

      had a bird in the same area on the way back.

Rufous-faced Warbler           Abroscopus albogularis

      N. 4-8.

      This beautiful little guy was gratifyingly common in Namdapha. Singly and

      with mixed flocks.

Yellow-bellied Warbler         Abroscopus superciliaris

      N. 6, 8.

      A bamboo specialist. In same-species flocks in bamboo past Bulbulia and

      past Deban on MV road.

Striated Grassbird                         Megalurus palustris

      N, D, K. 3, 8-12

White-crested Laughingthrush       Garrulax leucolophus

      N, K h. 6 (SCh), 12 h

Lesser Necklaced Laughingthrush  Garrulax monileger

      N. 9 (VTi)

      A flock on MV road was the only sighting.

Greater Necklaced Laughingthrush  Garrulax pectoralis

      N, K. 4-6, 8, 9, 11

      The most commonly seen Laughingthrush in Namdapha. In the morning they would

      even come to feed on top of a Coral tree outside Deban FRH where the photo above

      was taken. Also at Kohora outside Kaziranga.

Rufous-necked Laughingthrush     Garrulax ruficollis

      N, K. 9, 12

      A flock drinking from a puddle on the Deban-Miao road.

      Also a flock in a bamboo covered ravine in the tea garden south of Wild Grass.

Red-faced Liocichla            Liocichla phoenicea

      N. 7.

      A single bird with Mesias in the bamboo below Deban (MAg, SCh).

      Later 3 near a rivulet on the trek back to Deban.

Abbott's Babbler               Malacocincla abbotti

      K. 12

      A couple of sigthings in Panbari near the edge of the tea garden.

Puff-throated Babbler          Pellorneum ruficeps

      K. 12

White-browed Scimitar Babbler  Pomatorhinus schisticeps

      K. 12 (VTi)

      3 in a mixed flock with Rufous-necked Laughingthrush in a bamboo covered ravine

      in the tea garden south of Wild Grass.

Red-billed Scimitar Babbler    Pomatorhinus ochraceiceps

      N. 6 (VTi, MAg)

      In the bamboo past Bulbulia (cf. Beautiful Nuthatch).

Slender-billed Scimitar Babbler Xiphirhynchus superciliaris     (N)

      N. 6 (VTi)

      In the bamboo past Bulbulia (cf. Beautiful Nuthatch)

Pygmy Wren Babbler             Pnoepyga pusilla

      N. 5 (VTi), 8h, 9

      I had excellent naked-eye views (too close to focus with my bins!) at a

      rufous morph that boldly hopped out in view in the bamboo below Haldibari.

      What a fun bird when viewed upclose! Later we had skulkers at other places.

Golden Babbler                 Stachyris chrysaea

      N. 8.

      First patch of bamboo along MV road, east of Deban.

Grey-throated Babbler          Stachyris nigriceps

      N. 7, 8.

      In a mixed-flock just below Haldibari. Also MV road.

Striped Tit Babbler            Macronous gularis

      N, K. 9, 11 h, 12, 13 h

      Heard often in Namdapha and Kaziranga. Best views were at the tea-gardens.

Jerdon's Babbler               Chrysomma altirostre     (V)

      D. 10.

      A trip highlight. A singing calling bird seen up close at the Black-breasted Parrotbill

      spot on the north bank of the Dibru river.

Striated Babbler               Turdoides earlei

      K. 11.

Silver-eared Mesia             Leiothrix argentauris

      N. 4-9

      One of the most beautiful & common birds in Namdapha. Groups of half a dozen or

      more with mixed and same species flocks.

Black-headed Shrike Babbler    Pteruthius rufiventer     (N)

      N. 6 (VTi, MAg)

      A trip highlight. In the bamboo past Bulbulia (cf. Beautiful Nuthatch).

White-browed Shrike Babbler    Pteruthius flaviscapis

      N. 6

Blue-winged Minla              Minla cyanouroptera

      N. 4,5,7

      A common component of mixed-species canopy flocks.

Red-tailed Minla               Minla ignotincta

      N. 4, 5, 7

      A common component of mixed-species canopy flocks.

Rufous-throated Fulvetta                 Alcippe rufogularis     (N)

      N. 7

      A pair foraging close to the ground near Haldibari.

Nepal Fulvetta                 Alcippe nipalensis

      N. 5, 6, 7

      Mostly in same-species flocks.

Rufous-backed Sibia            Heterophasia annectens

      N. 8 (VTi)

      Creeping on a moss-covered branch. With a large mixed flock

      at a bridge on MV road, approx. 3-4 kms past Deban. This was the farthest

      east I got to on MV road. This was a great spot with a creek surrounded by

      beautiful mixed vegetation (bamboo, tree ferns, wild banana, moss-covered trees etc.)

Beautiful Sibia                Heterophasia pulchella

      N. 3-9

      One of the most common and visible birds in Namdapha.

Long-tailed Sibia              Heterophasia picaoides

      N. 4-9.

      Common in Namdapha. Always in groups of half-a-dozen or more. These birds flying

      follow-the-leader style from one tree to the other will be one of the

      lasting images from the trip.

White-naped Yuhina             Yuhina bakeri

      N. 5 (VTi). A flock at Haldibari was the only sighting.

Whiskered Yuhina               Yuhina flavicollis

      N. 8. MV road.

Black-chinned Yuhina           Yuhina nigrimenta

      N. 3, 6. Deban and Hornbill.

White-bellied Yuhina           Yuhina zantholeuca

      N. 4-7. Common component of mixed flocks.

Black-breasted Parrotbill      Paradoxornis flavirostris     (V)

      D. 10

      North bank of Dibru river. Would have been a major trip highlight

      had we got good looks. Only had the backs of 3 birds that dove into cover.

Greater Rufous-headed Parrotbill  Paradoxornis ruficeps     (N)

      D. 6 (VTi, MAg)

      In the bamboo past Bulbulia (cf. Beautiful Nuthatch).

Rufous-winged Bushlark         Mirafra assamica

      K. 11, 12 (Bengal Bushlark).

Oriental Skylark               Alauda gulgula

      D. 10

Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker    Dicaeum cruentatum

      K. 11. Wild Grass gardens.

Black-throated Sunbird         Aethopyga saturata

      N. 5 (f), 6, 8

Crimson Sunbird                Aethopyga siparaja

      N, K. 5-6(f), 12, 13

Streaked Spiderhunter          Arachnothera magna

      N. 3-9

      Gratifyingly common in Namdapha especially along MV road - singles

      flying overhead, giving their metallic "tchirk" call.

House Sparrow                  Passer domesticus

      N. K. 9, 11-13.

Eurasian Tree Sparrow          Passer montanus

      N, D, K. 3, 10, 12

White Wagtail                  Motacilla alba

      N, D, K. 3, 8-13

      including ssp. _leucopsis_ and _dukhunensis_

White-browed Wagtail           Motacilla maderaspatensis

      N, K. 3, 4, 7, 11

Citrine Wagtail                Motacilla citreola

      D. 10 _calcarata_ ssp. at Dibrua-saikhowa.

Grey Wagtail                   Motacilla cinerea

      K. 13

Paddyfield Pipit               Anthus rufulus

      D. 10

Olive-backed Pipit             Anthus hodgsoni

      N, K. 9, 12

 

Butterflies:

Many, but unfortunately none of us knew much about butterflies.

Would appreciate hearing about the correct species identification.

 

Folded underwing, _Kallima inachus_ Orange Oakleaf  Hornbill Camp, Namdapha NP

      An amazing mimic of a dead oak leaf.

Open upperwing, _Kallima inachus_ Orange Oakleaf

 

Popinjay                 Stibochiona nicea  MV Road

 

Species 3   Deban

 

Punchinello            Zemeros flegyas   MV Road

 

Red Lacewing       Cethosia biblis   MV Road

 

Mammals:

 

Tiger                                               Panthera tigris

      N h, 3 h.

      Mohit heard this first near the temple on MV road just before Deban. It sounded

      pretty close. Later the park staff told us that a Tiger is known to frequent that area.

Yellow-throated Marten                  Martes flavigula

      N. 5

Mongoose species (most likely Indian Grey Mongoose, Herpestes edwardsii)

     N. 5, 9

Fruit-bat species        

      N. 10.  (Fulvous Flying-Fox   Rousettes leschenaultia ?)

Hoary-bellied Himalayan Squirrel     Callosciurus pygerythrus

      N, K. 5, 11

Orange-bellied Himalayan Squirrel   Dremonys lokriah

      N, K. 5, 6, 8, 9, 13

Himalayan Striped Squirrel               Tamiops mcclellandii

       N. 5

Black (Malayan) Giant Squirrel         Ratufa bicolor    (pic 1) (pic 2)

       N, K. 4, 7, 9, 13. Multiple sightings. The best photo-op was at Deban on the first

       morning, where these photos were taken.

Namdapha Flying Squirrel                Biswamoyopterus biswasi

       N. 5, 7, 8.

       (A new genus and species described by S. S. Saha in 1981 from a specimen collected

       at Deban.)

       Just after dark at Hornbill Camp, we heard something move in the tree above the

       remaining hut at the campsite (the other hut was burnt down a few months ago).

       Managed to get the squirrel in our torches and it was cooperative enough to let us

       good looks and check out the id marks which we later compared to the description in

       Vivek Menon’s new mammal field guide.

       Later also seen on two nights on the path that goes from Deban FRH to MV road.

Hog-Badger                                    Arctonyx collaris

       N. 6 (SCh)

       Between Hornbill and Bulbulia. Sujan saw it cross the trail while Mohit and I

       were trying to photograph a flowering bromeliad.

Slow Loris

       One seen on two nights on the path that goes from Deban FRH to MV road.

        Same tree both nights. Great views (the animal doesn’t move in a hurry as its

       name implies), but not enough light to get any photos.

Hoolock Gibbon                             Hylobates hoolock   (Male)  (Female)

        N, D h. 4, 5, 7 h, 8 h, 9, 10 h

        The only non-human ape in India. Hearing its loud, resounding, haunting calls

        emanating from within the rainforest and then seeing their acrobatic displays is

        a thrill that can’t adequately be described in words. A pair that appears to hang

        around Deban FRH provided this great photo-op.

        Also a troop seen near Haldibari. Also heard at Dibru-Saikhowa.

Capped Langur                             Semnopithecus pileatus

         N, K. 4, 5 h, 8, 13

         Seen at Deban. Also Panbari forest. Grey phase both times.

Assamese Macaque                    Macaca assamensis

        N. 10. MV road, near the park entrance.

Rhesus Macaque                            Macaca mulatta

         K. 11.

Indian Elephant                               Elephas maximus

         K. 11, 12

         The only sign in Namdapha was of the domestic elephants.

         Multiple sightings in Kaziranga. Females with young. Lone tuskers.

         A pair mating out in the open, providing all kinds of photo-ops.

         Also heard one in Panbari.

Indian Rhinoceros                          Rhinoceris unicornis

          K. 11, 12 

Wild Boar                                      Sus scrofa

          K. 11, 12

Indian Muntjac                               Muntiacus muntjac

          N h. 7-9 h

Hog Deer                                       Axis porcinus

          11, 12. K

Swamp Deer                                   Cervus duvaucelli

          11, 12. K 

Water Buffalo                                 Bubalus arnce

          K. 11, 12

 
 
© 2004 Vivek Tiwari
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