Economics

Foreign exchange markets and balance-of-payments accounts. Effects of incomes, prices, interest rates, and exchange rates on trade and capital flows. Effects of exchange rate arrangements and capital mobility on macroeconomic policies. Current policy issues: exchange rate management, macroeconomic policy coordination, managing currency crises, the roles of international institutions.

The course deals with the judgments required to analyze and communicate information about economic events of a firm through financial accounting. The first several classes deal with concepts of asset, liability, owners' equity, revenue, expense and the accounting processes that lead to the financial statements. Next follows an analysis of the components of financial statements: long-term liabilities, revenue recognition and income management, inventories, long-term assets, impairment and leasing chaos, off-balance sheet financing, and current controversies such as income tax inversions. Rudiments of financial analysis and valuation.

A survey of the field of investments with special emphasis on the valuation of financial assets. Issues studied include how portfolios of assets should be formed, how to measure and control risk, how to evaluate investment performance, and how to test alternative investment strategies and asset pricing models. Prerequisites: ECO 202, ECO 310 and MAT 175 or equivalent. ECO 202 or equivalent may be taken concurrently, but students would remain responsible for statistical concepts as they arise in this course. Two lectures, one precept.

Investigates the financing decisions of companies and financial institutions in the wider context of the workings of financial markets. Topics include capital budgeting, capital structure choice, risk management, liquidity, corporate governance, and the interactions between corporate finance and the workings of financial institutions and markets. Prerequisite: ECO 362. Two lectures, one precept.

Financial Mathematics is concerned with designing and analyzing products that improve the efficiency of markets, and create mechanisms for reducing risk. This course develops quantitative methods for these goals: the notions of arbitrage and risk-neutral pricing in discrete time, specific models such as Black-Scholes and Heston in continuous time, and calibration to market data. Credit derivatives, the term structure of interest rates, and robust techniques in the context of volatility options will be discussed, as well as lessons from the financial crisis. Prerequisites: ORF 309, ECO 100, and MAT 104. Two lectures, one precept.

These courses will provide an opportunity to apply the concepts and methods studied in economics core courses and electives to analyze the economic problems confronting particular countries or groups of countries. The choice of the country or region, and of the economic problem, will change from year to year. Prerequisites depend on topic. Two 90-minute lectures.

Europe is at a crossroads. Political and economic integration in the European Union (EU) exceeds levels reached in the rest of the world. Economic integration affects trade, migration, agriculture, competition, regions, energy and money. Most euro area economies have been struggling with interlocking crises involving debt, banking and growth, which challenge the viability of monetary union. The EU is now facing a migration crisis. This course studies economic integration in Europe, the ongoing crises, and economic challenges facing EU member countries. It uses economic analysis to study policy issues. Two 90-minute lectures.

Economic analysis of the Chinese economy after 1949. Economic planning, economic reform, economic growth and fluctuations, consumption, environmental problems, population and human capital, banking and financial systems, foreign trade and investment, legal and political systems and current issues. Prerequisites: 100 and 101. Two 90-minute lectures one preceptorial.

An introduction to the ethics of market exchange and of economic regulation intended to promote ethical goals. We ask how ethical commitments evolve, and how they influence competition and cooperation. We consider the moral dimension of outsourcing, sweatshops, wage gaps, price gouging, price discrimination, time-inconsistent preferences and policies that exploit them ("nudging"), trade in repugnant goods (such as human organs), poverty, and the inequality of income and health. Prerequisite: ECO 100. Two 90-minute lectures.

A survey of the history of economics, with emphasis on the origins, nature, and evolution of leading economic ideas. This course will situate economic ideas in their historical context, from Aristotle to early 20th century writers, to provide a deeper understanding of economic life and theories of it, emphasizing foundational issues such as the nature of human action and the social good; the role of the state in the economy; and the social and economic consequences of property, prices, money, production, trade and other defining attributes of commercial society. Two 90-minute lectures. Prerequisite: ECO 100.

This course studies the impact of recent technological innovations in the financial sector. We will first study the microeconomic principles of using big data to design credit rating systems, financial platforms, digital tokens, and smart contracts. We will then study a range of applications such as peer-to-peer lending, cryptocurrency valuation, crowdsourcing, micro-credit, green contracting and central bank digital tokens. Finally, we will study the macroeconomic impact of fintech on the broader economy.

Explores basic themes in modern game theory and information economics. Non-cooperative solution concepts for games will be developed and applied to the study of repeated games and dynamic interaction in oligopolistic industries, reputation formation, auctions, and bargaining. Prerequisites: MAT 175 or MAT 201, or equivalent. Some basic knowledge of probability theory is assumed. Two lectures, one precept.

Course introduces use of economics in understanding both the sources of and the remedies to environmental and resource allocation problems. It emphasizes the reoccurrence of economic phenomenon like public goods, externalities, market failure and imperfect information. Students learn about the design and evaluation of environmental policy instruments, the political economy of environmental policy, and the valuation of environmental and natural resource services. These concepts are illustrated in a variety of applications from domestic pollution of air, water and land to international issues such as global warming and sustainable development.

Questions at the intersection of politics and economics will be analyzed using economic methods. Particular emphasis will be placed on mathematical and game theoretic methods. The course will cover economic models of political institutions, such as elections or political parties. Topics include lobbying and interest groups, political business cycles, economic reform, and the size of government. Two 90-minute lectures. Prerequisite: MAT 203 or equivalent, or permission of instructor.

This course will explore how technology-based start-up ventures are founded, managed and financed. Specific emphasis will be put on the early stages of development. The goal is to offer perspectives on the "two sides of the coin": the entrepreneur's perspective and the financier's perspective and in particular the venture capitalist.

This course studies the asset allocation decisions and overall management of the risk and return characteristics of portfolios. It focuses on quantitative approaches to portfolio optimization, including dynamic strategies to control risks and to achieve investment goals; empirical studies of asset returns; and the money management industry. Prerequisites: ECO 202 or ORF 245; ECO 310; ECO 362 (no exceptions). Two 90-minute lectures, one precept.

A study of the assets and institutions of international financial markets. A key difference between these markets and others is the role of exchange rates relating the value of two or more national currencies. The course studies the market-making institutions, the market conventions and market practices as well as the interrelationships between different assets, their pricing, their trading and their use by corporations. Prerequisites: MAT 175 and ECO 202 or equivalent. Two 90-minute lectures.

This course concerns the motives and methods of corporate actions such as dividend payments, share repurchases, recapitalizations, acquisitions, divestitures, joint ventures, with a focus on the implications of such actions for the prices of a corporation's publicly traded securities. The course should be of particular interest to students considering a career in financial services. Introductory courses in micro economics, investments, and probability and statistics are prerequisites. One 3-hour seminar.

A study of models for the term structure of interest rates, bond prices and other contracts such as forwards and futures, swaps and options. The course develops the theory of arbitrage-free pricing of financial assets in continuous time, as well as special models that can be used to price and hedge fixed income securities. Prerequisites: ECO 362 (or FIN 501) and ECO 465. One three-hour lecture, one precept.

The way in which financial markets work and securities are traded can often not be reconciled with the notion of a frictionless and self-equilibrating market. In this course, we try to account for this fact and cover important theoretical concepts and recent developments in market microstructure, asset pricing under asymmetric information, financial intermediation, and behavioral finance. Topics include market efficiency, market making, financial regulation, asset price bubbles, herding, and liquidity crises. Prerequisites: 300 or 310.

This course discusses how inefficiencies arise due to psychology and limits to arbitrage. The psychology of investors shapes their preferences and may impair judgment. Whether these psychological factors have an impact on financial markets ultimately depends on arbitrageurs' ability to fight against mispricing. These issues will be covered through lectures and exercises that will foster discussions about cognitive illusions and speculative bubbles. Prerequisite: 300 or 310. 362 recommended.

This course will teach students about financial risk management through the lens of the financial crisis that began in August 2007. Topics covered will include market risk, credit risk, liquidity risk, and systemic risk. Students will draw on their background in economics, finance, probability theory and statistics. The class will be in seminar format and active participation in the discussion is encouraged. Prerequisites: 362 and 465.

The course explores the increasing weight of Asia in global financial markets. It frames the discussion in the context of the globalization of financial markets, with emphasis on concepts of economic development, institutional reform of markets, and public and private market investments. Discussions combine analysis of historical trends and recent events with insights from practical experience in Asian markets. Particular focus is devoted to China and Japan. The course explicitly considers China's gradual shift toward a capital market-based financial system and prospects for the development of the renminbi into an international currency.

This course will use economic theory and empirical evidence to study the causes of financial crises and the effectiveness of policy responses to these crises. Particular attention will be given to some of the major economic and financial crises in the past century and to the crisis that began in August 2007. Prerequisite: 202 or equivalent, and 310.

With its rapid economic growth in the past three decades, China already has the world's second largest economy. Meanwhile its financial markets are also being quickly liberalized and integrated with the rest of the world. As the current trend continues, there are growing interests to learn and understand the workings of China's financial and monetary systems. This course aims to serve this objective with a particular emphasis on understanding the role provided by the financial system in facilitating China's economic development, in addition to the investment opportunities and risk presented by the system to the outside world.