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Mechanical Properties
· For the isostrain configuration: 
ECp= VfEf + (1 - Vf)Em; Vf + Vm = 1
· For the isostress configuration: 
ECn = 1/{(Vf /Ef) + (1 - Vf)/Em}
· The practical limit on the fiber volume fraction, Vf , is about 0.8 and corresponds to the close packing of cylinders.
· The composite modulus for these two conditions is shown as a function of the fiber volume fraction. Spherical particles have a reinforcing effect similar to the isostress fiber orientation.
From: Ashby and Jones, "Engineering Materials 1," Pergamon (1980)