|
March - May, 1997 |
| OA Office: Clio Hall, 2nd Floor, 8-3552 Trip Sign-ups: Clio Hall, 2nd Floor Equipment Room: 48 University Place 8-6417 Trip Hotline: 8-6417 Web Site: www.princeton.edu/~oa/ |
Newsletter |
The Outdoor Action Program (OA) is Princeton University's outdoor education
program administered by the Princeton Blairstown Center. OA runs a wide
variety of wilderness oriented trips, seminars, and training courses throughout
the year that are open to all students, faculty, and staff. OA trips include
backpacking, canoeing, rock climbing, kayaking, cross-country skiing, and
other activities, a number of which may be accessible for disabled individuals.
(Contact the Program Director for additional information.) There is a modest
fee for trips to cover transportation, food, and equipment costs. Sign-ups
for trips and other activities are on the OA bulletin board outside of the
OA office, which is located on the second floor of Clio Hall. There is also
an extensive leader training program for those interested in leading Outdoor
Action trips. OA has an equipment rental program for people interested in
going on their own trips.
Signing Up for an OA Trip: Since many trips have space
limitations we require participants to sign up in advance. The sign-ups
for all OA trips are on the OA Bulletin Board at the Outdoor Action Office
located on the second floor of Clio Hall. Most sign-ups are done on a first-come-first-served
basis. We do maintain a waiting list for trips and will contact you if a
space opens up. With some activities the sign-up is an interest list and
participants are randomly selected off the list. OA Leaders and Leaders-in-training
may be given preference for some trip activities. For multi-day trips
or courses, you are required to pay the full fee for the trip to hold your
space (check, cash or U-store Charge). [Note: U-store charge requires an
additional 5% fee.] We will hold your space for 24 hours for the fee to
be paid. There are different trip fee rates for students (undergraduate
and graduate) and faculty and staff.
OA Trip Information Hotline: For the latest information
on upcoming OA trips and programs, call the OA Trip Information Hotline
at 8-6417. The recorded message will describe upcoming trips and programs
for each week.
OA News via Email and the Web: The OA Calendar is mailed
to subscribers and sent via Email. The detailed version of the Newsletter
is available at the OA Web Site. If you do not receive the OA Calendar,
jump Subscribe to the OA Email List. If you
wish to be removed from the OA Calendar email list, please send email to
rcurtis@princeton.edu.
The complete OA Newsletter is available on-line on the Princeton World
Wide Web server from the OA Home Page (www.princeton.edu/~oa/). If you wish
a printed copy of the full newsletter, you can print the Web Page, or download
a Rich Text File version of the newsletter from the Web page to your word
processor.
Surf the Internet with OA: The OA Web Site is one of the
most popular outdoor sites in the country with over 12,000 hits a week.
One of the hottest pages at the OA Web is the OA
Guide to Outdoor Resources on the Internet with links to over 500 outdoor
related sites including climbing, paddling, backpacking, biking, skiing,
etc. You can access the OA Home Page directly at (www.princeton.edu/~oa/)
or from the Princeton Home Page (www.princeton.edu) through the following
menus: News & Events Entertainment & Events Outdoors and the
Environment Outdoor Action Activities.
Outdoor Safety Management Workshop: An important part of
being comfortable in the wilderness is safety, knowing how to plan trips
properly and how to evaluate potential risks. This seminar is designed to
make all wilderness travelers familiar with the causes of accidents in the
wilderness, how to prevent accidents through effective pre-trip planning,
how to identify risks in the field, and how to increase your margin of safety.
The Dynamics of Accidents Model that will be taught is used by outdoor programs
across the country. All OA Leaders must attend this seminar once.
No advanced sign-up is required. For more information check
out OA Guide to Outdoor Safety Management. Free
and open to the public. The seminar will be held on the following dates:
Retendo - Advanced Kayak Rodeo Moves Video: Whitewater
kayak rodeo moves have turned the paddling world upside down. From advanced
wave surfing, to hole riding, pirouettes, cartwheels and other aerial moves.
You won't believe what you can do in a kayak, come learn the secrets of
rodeo moves from the pros. Join us on Wednesday, April 23 at 7:30 PM in
McCosh 66. (60 minutes) Free and open to the public.
Soft Paths - Leave No Trace Camping: Traveling in the backcountry
means developing a keen understanding of how to reduce our impact in different
ecosystems. The Leave No Trace Program, developed by the National Outdoor
Leadership School and a number of federal agencies teaches the state of
the art in proper minimal impact techniques. Join us on Wednesday, April
24 at 7:30 PM in McCosh 66. (30 minutes) Free and open to the public.
OA will be offering a number of day trips to provide opportunities for
everyone from beginners to advanced participants. Fees for the trips vary
depending on the activity and location. On full-day trips, participants
should provide their own lunch. All other equipment and transportation will
be provided by OA. Sign up for all trips at the OA Office on the second
floor of Clio Hall.
Exploring the New Jersey Highlands Hiking Trip: As spring
comes, the trails in northern New Jersey and southern New York come alive
with green. This is a great opportunity to get off campus, meet new people,
and enjoy an exhilarating hike. Enjoy a beautiful day of hiking trip to
the spectacular ridge at Norvin Green State Park on Sunday, April 20. The
trip will cover approximately 6-8 miles and will explore ridge crests, stream
gorges, and mountain summits. Trip fee: students $9.00, faculty/staff
$12.00. Participants should have sturdy walking shoes or hiking boots and
should bring lunch.
OA Climbing Wall Open House: The Wall has been completely redone with new holds and routes expanding the learning and training opportunities for beginners to experts. We are really excited about the expanded OA Climbing Wall. Come down for a free morning of climbing and put up your own new route! The open house is Saturday, March 29 from 10:00 AM - 1:00 PM. Skilled OA instructors will be on hand to coach you. Families with children are welcome.
OA Climbing Wall: The Outdoor Action Climbing Wall is a state-of-the-art indoor rock climbing practice facility located in the Armory next to Palmer Stadium. The Climbing Wall allows beginners to learn basic climbing skills, while intermediate and advanced climbers can work on refining their technical abilities. There will be experienced instructors there to teach skills and assist people in solving particular climbing routes. The Climbing Wall is open only to students, faculty, and staff of Princeton University. Children of members of the University community are allowed to climb only with a parent present. All climbers are required to sign a waiver. The Climbing Wall is the following times during the academic year except during breaks and final exams.
To climb at the Wall you can either pay for a pass each day or buy a
Wall Card (a great deal if you climb more than once a week). New
climbers can always check out the wall for one free afternoon at any time
during the year.
In order to purchase a card you must have your University ID and sign
a climbing use waiver. Cards can be purchased at the Climbing Wall. Cash
or checks are accepted.
Belaying Classes & Climber Authorization: OA offers free belaying classes for new climbers to give you instruction on how to properly tie-in and belay. Classes are during regular Wall hours on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. Only individuals who have passed the belaying course are eligible to belay at the Wall. For more information on belaying check out the OA Guide to Belaying at the Climbing Wall.
Off Hours Climbing: Climbers who have been tested and authorized
by the Climbing Wall staff are eligible to climb at the Wall during off
hours. To be authorized you must have passed the Belaying Class and demonstrate
proficiency in rope handling and setup. Off-hour climbers are required
to purchase a Wall Pass. Please note that off-hours climbing is not
permitted during scheduled Climbing Classes (Tuesdays & Thursdays from
4:30 - 6:30 PM).
Rocks 1: Learning to Rock Climb Course: If you are interested
in learning to rock climb, then this course will teach you all the basic
techniques of climbing, including: climbing techniques like weight shifting,
stemming, laybacks, and dynamic moves; rope work skills like knots, tying
in and belaying; and how to use the Climbing Wall for training. The course
will meet on Tuesday and Thursday afternoons from 4:30 - 6:30 PM at the
Climbing Wall on March 27, April 1, 3, 8, and 10. There will also be Saturday
Field Trip to the cliffs at Ralph Stover State Park on Saturday, April 12.
Course Fee: students $65.00, faculty/staff $90.00.
Sign up at the OA office by Wednesday, March 26.
Rocks 2: Tope Rope Systems Course: If you are serious about
rock climbing then you need to learn the details of setting up top rope
climbing systems. The Rocks 2 Course covers climbing hardware, rope care,
tying into natural anchors, equalizing loads, rappelling, and advanced belay
techniques. The course will meet Tuesday and Thursdays, April 15, 17, 22
and 24 from 4:30 - 6:30 PM at the Climbing Wall in the Armory. There will
be a class field trip to a local climbing area on Sunday, April 20 to practice
top rope setup on real rock. Participants must have completed Rocks 1 or
have comparable basic climbing and belaying experience. Please contact Andrew
Burke at 8-9462 if you have questions about your climbing experience. Course
fee: students $65.00, OA Leaders $35.00, faculty/staff $90.00.
Basic Rock Climbing Day Trips: Rock Climbing gives you a chance to challenge yourself both physically and mentally as you steadily work your way up a cliff face. OA is offering a number of Rock Climbing Day Trips designed to teach beginners basic climbing and rappelling skills and allow those who have previous climbing experience to refine their climbing and rope handling abilities. OA provides you with all the instruction and equipment to explore this exciting sport. No previous climbing experience is necessary for basic trips. Trip Fee: students $15.00, faculty/staff $20.00. The trips will last all day and participants should bring lunch. In order for you to get the most climbing in, you are strongly urged to go down to the Climbing Wall one of the afternoons before your trip to learn how to use a sit harness and how to belay (see the Climbing Wall above). The schedule for trips will be as follows:
OA Canoeing & Kayaking Open House: If you are interested
in trying out canoeing or kayaking, come down to Lake Carnegie for a
free afternoon of paddling fun on Saturday, March 29 from 1:00 - 4:00
PM. OA will have canoes and our brand new fleet of whitewater kayaks for
you to test out. Skilled OA instructors will be on hand to coach you. Families
with children are welcome. Since we only have so many boats, sign up for
a time slot (1:00-2:30 PM or 2:30 - 4:00 PM) at the OA Office.
Eskimo Roll Tune-up Class: If you are have already mastered
the Eskimo Roll, but you need some "tuning up" before the spring
paddling season or just want to get in the pool and crank a bunch of rolls,
OA is offering a one-hour Roll Workshop in Dillon Pool on Sunday April 6.
There will be two time slots 8:00 - 9:00 PM, and 9:00 - 10:00 PM. Spaces
are limited due to the number of boats we can fit in the pool. Course
fee: students $5.00, faculty/staff $8.00.
Canoeing - Flatwater to Whitewater: Do you want to learn
the basic skills of tandem whitewater canoeing? Do you just want to get
out on the water this spring and have an absolute blast on Sunday afternoons?
OA is offering a comprehensive canoeing course Saturday afternoons, April
5, 12, and 19. The course begins with basic two sessions on basic flatwater
paddling technique on Lake Carnegie. The third session will go to a local
river to work on moving water maneuvers like Eddy Turns, Peel Outs, and
Ferries. For those who pass the third session, an optional whitewater river
trip will be offered on Saturday, April 26. The focus of the course will
be not only learning the skills yourself but how to teach the skills to
others. It's especially good for OA Leaders interested in leading paddling
trips or anyone who would like to teach others to paddle. There will be
a required introductory meeting for the class on Thursday, April 3 at 7:30
- 8:30 PM in McCosh 64. Course fee: students $40.00, faculty/staff
$60.00, OA Leaders $20.00. All equipment will be provided by OA. If you
have any questions, call Tommy Carr at (8-8017, tomcarr@phoenix).
Kayaking - Flatwater to Whitewater: Do you want to learn
the basic skills of whitewater kayaking? Do you just want to get out on
the water this spring and have an absolute blast on Sunday afternoons? OA
is offering a comprehensive kayaking course Saturday afternoons, April 5,
12, and 19. The course begins with basic two sessions on basic flatwater
paddling technique on Lake Carnegie. The third session will go to a local
river to work on moving water maneuvers like Eddy Turns, Peel Outs, and
Ferries. For those who pass the third session, an optional whitewater river
trip will be offered on Saturday, April 26. The focus of the course will
be not only learning the skills yourself but how to teach the skills to
others. It's especially good for OA Leaders interested in leading paddling
trips or anyone who would like to teach others to paddle. There will be
a required introductory meeting for the class on Thursday, April 3 at 7:30
- 8:30 PM in McCosh 64 followed by an introductory session in Dillon Pool
8:30 - 9:30PM. Course fee: students $40.00, faculty/staff $60.00,
OA Leaders $20.00. All equipment will be provided by OA. If you have any
questions, call Liam Pott (8-7487, billpott@princeton).
Intermediate Whitewater Kayaking Trip: For experienced
whitewater paddlers there will be an Intermediate Whitewater Kayaking Trip
to the Lehigh River in Pennsylvania on Saturday, April 26. There is a scheduled
dam release for that day to guarantee good water levels. The trip is limited
to people who have previous whitewater experience at the Class II - III
level. All equipment (wetsuits, PFD, helmet, kayak, etc.) will be provided
by OA. Trip fee: students $18.00, faculty/staff $25.00 (discount
if you provide your own equipment). The trip will last all day and participants
should bring lunch. If it's been a while since you practiced your Eskimo
Roll, sign up for one of the Roll Tune-up sessions on Sunday, April 6 (see
above). If you have not been on an OA paddling trip before, please contact
Rick Curtis at 8-3552 to discuss your previous paddling experience.
Are you staying around during "dead week" for Reunions or graduation
and don't have anything to do? Get away from campus on a wilderness trip
with OA.
Backpacking Trip: Spring is a special time in the Shenandoah
Mountains in northern Virginia. The peaks of the Shenandoahs provide great
hiking and beautiful vistas to the valleys below. OA is offering a 4-day
backpacking trip along the Appalachian Trail during dead week. The trip
will cover 6-8 miles each day and will teach basic wilderness and minimal
impact camping skills. Equipment will be provided by OA. Dates for the trip
will be Saturday, May 24 - Tuesday, May 27. Trip Fee: students $85.00,
faculty/staff $110.00. Sign up at the OA office.
Coastal Canoeing Trip: Sand dunes, sea birds, bayside marshes,
and surf are just part of the special environment of the Atlantic barrier
islands. This four-day canoeing trip to Assateague National Seashore will
follow the Chincoteague Bay canoe route to bayside wilderness campsites.
There will be time to play in the dunes, hike, swim, and see the wild horses
of Assateague and Chincoteague. All canoeing and outdoor equipment will
be provided by OA. Dates of the trip are Saturday, May 24 through Tuesday,
May 27. Trip fee: students $85.00, faculty/staff $110.00.
Wilderness Whitewater Canoeing Trip: Unwind from exams
and get pumped for summer with a whitewater canoeing trip on the Shenandoah
River in Virginia. This 4-day trip will cover all the basic wilderness canoeing
and introductory paddling skills including some exciting runs on the Class
II ledges on the Shenandoah Staircase (water levels permitting). Equipment
will be provided by OA. Dates for the trip will be Saturday, May 24 - Tuesday,
May 27. Trip Fee: students $85.00, faculty/staff $110.00. Sign up
at the OA office.
The Outdoor Action Frosh Trip is the largest wilderness orientation program
in the United States. Once again we are starting up our planning for FT
'97 for the Class of 2001 scheduled for Sunday, August 31 - Friday, September
5. A program that sends over 750 people out into the wilderness for 6 days
requires a large number of hard working people to pull things together.
OA is looking for Managers, Support Drivers, and Leaders. If you are
interested in joining us on this adventure, come to a general information
meeting on Wednesday, April 9, at 7:30 PM in McCormick 101 or contact the
OA Office at 8-3552. Applications are available at the OA Office on
the second floor of Clio Hall and are due on Friday, April 25.
Leaders Needed: Leading an OA Frosh Trip is a wonderful
way to help orient new students to Princeton. If you have completed or will
have completed all the the requirements to be an OA Leader by the end of
the year, you are eligible to apply to lead a Frosh Trip. Applications are
available at the OA Office. Applications are due by Friday, April 25.
Support Staff Needed: Support Staff are an essential resource
for the Frosh Trip. Teams of two people are stationed near different trip
areas in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New York, Virginia, Massachusetts and
Vermont. During the week they may shuttle groups back and forth between
the river and trail, resupply groups with equipment, deliver water drops,
and provide transportation in special situations. Food, comfortable lodging,
and all expenses are covered during the week. You need to have a valid driver's
license to be eligible and need to complete the University Van Driver Training
Program this spring (see the schedule for Van Driver Training below). If
you are interested in being part of the great FT '97 adventure, please pick
up an application form and details at the OA Office on the second floor
of Clio Hall. Applications are due by Friday, April 25.
Managers Needed: Managers handle the pre-trip logistics
including equipment and food distribution, check-out, and bus departure.
During the week, Managers staff the OA Call-in Center to manage logistics
for groups in the field. At the end of the trip, Managers handle group check-in.
All expenses are covered during the week. If you are interested in being
part of the great FT '97 adventure, please pick up an application form and
details at the OA Office on the second floor of Clio Hall. Applications
are due by Friday, April 25.
Faculty and Staff Join us on FT '97: Each year OA selects
a few faculty and staff to participate in the Frosh Trip. It is a special
experience for first-year students to hike down the trail with a faculty
or staff member. For faculty, the trip is over before Orientation Week begins.
Staff may be able to participate without having it count as vacation days
(subject to your supervisor's approval). This year's trip is scheduled for
Sunday, August 31 - Friday, September 5 (over Labor Day Weekend). If you
are interested in participating, please pick up an application at the OA
Office on the second floor of Clio Hall or call 8-3552. Applications are
due Friday, May 16 and you will be informed about participation in early
July.
Outdoor Action encourages all students, faculty, and staff to participate
in the OA Leader Training Program. OA's Leader Training Program is considered
one of the most comprehensive in the nation and has been imitated by numerous
other schools. As well as learning valuable wilderness skills, participants
develop leadership, group facilitation, safety, and first aid skills. Upon
completion of the training program, you are eligible to apply to lead OA
trips. These trainings are offered several times each semester and are described
in more detail below. You should plan your semester accordingly.
This spring we have restructured the Leader Training Program to build upon
the skills learned throughout your training. The Leader Training Trip will
serve to tie together all of the other skills that you have learned. Therefore,
you should have completed all of the other Leader Training Requirements
before taking your Leader Training Trip. You may still be completing
requirements while you are taking the pre-trip 5-week class sessions, but
they should be completed before the 5-day trip begins. See the OA Leader Training Program section on the OA Web site
for more information. The requirements for Basic Wilderness Leader are the
following:
Backpacking Leader Training Courses: Leading a backpacking
trip requires extensive training in wilderness camping skills. The Backpacking
Leader Training Course is a 5-week course designed to teach all the wilderness
skills necessary to lead multi-day backpacking trips, including route planning,
equipment preparation, wilderness travel techniques, map and compass, outdoor
cooking, minimal impact camping, etc. The course will meet weekly and will
culminate in a 5-day backpacking trip. Trip participants will plan all aspects
of the trip, including route, food, and equipment, and each participant
is required to research and teach a class on a particular wilderness topic.
There will be several meeting times available for the pre-trip classes.
You are required to attend all the weekly classes. Trip leaders
will set up class times for each group. There will be a number of trips
offered from Saturday, May 24 through Wednesday, May 28. If there is enough
interest, there will also be a trip, Monday, May 26 through Friday, May
30. Trip fee: students $85.00, faculty/staff $110.00 which includes
an OA Leaders' Manual. Participants must sign up by Friday, April 4. This
is your last chance to complete your leader training for this year, so sign
up early.
HEART Wilderness First Aid & CPR Course: Health Education
and Rescue Training (HEART) will be offering a 20-hour Wilderness First
Aid Course which includes CPR. This intensive course will cover patient
examination and evaluation, body systems and anatomy, wound care and splinting,
environmental emergencies, and backcountry medicine. This is an excellent
course and is highly recommended to all wilderness travelers. The course
is taught by Wilderness First Responders and Emergency Medical Technicians.
There is extensive hands-on practice of skills through realistic simulations
of actual wilderness emergencies. Sign at the OA Office on the second floor
of Clio Hall. You must pay the fee when you sign up. Course fee:
students $50.00, faculty/staff $65.00. There will be two sections offered:
Adult CPR Courses: There will be a number of CPR courses
offering certification in Adult CPR given by HEART (Health Education and
Rescue Training). Course fee: students $16.00, faculty/staff $20.00.
You must pay the fee when you sign up. The course dates will be:
CPR Challenge: If you are currently certified or have expired
within the past month, you can take the CPR challenge. No formal class will
be taught. This is an opportunity to come in and challenge the practical
test and take the written test. If you pass, your CPR certification is renewed.
Copies of the book will be available for people who want to review. An instructor
will be on hand to offer suggestions on technique. You will also be able
to practice before you test. This is designed for people who feel that they
are comfortable with basic CPR skills. If you have not taken a class in
over a year, you should take the regular class. The Challenge will be offered
on Tuesday, May 6 from 7:30 - 11:00 PM in 219 East Pyne.
Outdoor Safety Management Seminar: Please see the description
of this program above. All OA Leaders must attend this seminar once.
No advanced sign-up is required. The seminar will be held on the
following dates:
Van Driver Training: Leaders are strongly encouraged to
become authorized van drivers. You must attend a two-hour training class
and complete a 15-minute road test. The class is held from 4:30 - 6:45 PM
in McCosh 66 (late arrivals are not permitted to attend). After you have
taken the class you can sign up for a time slot for the road test (generally
on Sunday afternoons following the class). Additional information can be
obtained by calling Public Safety, Proctor Bill Davall, at extension 8-3137.
Van Driver Training Classes will be offered at the following times:
Leadership & Group Facilitators Workshop: One of the
greatest challenges of being a leader is learning how to facilitate a group,
and how to use the small group experiences to promote self-exploration and
learning. The Leadership and Group Facilitators Workshop is designed to
teach OA leaders, SVC Volunteers, Community House Tutors and others how
to effectively facilitate groups. The workshop will be held on Sunday, April
20, from 8:30 AM - 5:30 PM in Liberation Hall at the Third World Center.
You must sign up for the workshop at the OA Office by Friday, April 18.
This workshop is open to anyone interested in developing their skills
in working with groups. There is no fee for this workshop.
Wilderness Leadership Workshop: Leading groups in the wilderness
involves a special set of opportunities and challenges. This five-hour workshop
will train future OA leaders or others interested in wilderness leadership
in the specific issues related to leading outdoor trips including sequencing
activities, manageing group problem scenarios, and debriefing and processing
techniques. Join us on Sunday, April 27 from 12:30 - 5:30 PM in Liberation
Hall at the Third World Center. You must sign up at the OA Office by Friday,
April 25. There is no fee for this workshop. You
must have completed the Leadership & Group Facilitators Workshop previously
in order to attend.
See the latest OA Leader Newsletter.
Outdoor Action Library: OA has an extensive library of
over 500 titles covering such subjects as backpacking, outdoor cooking,
bike touring and repair, canoeing, caving, climbing, cross-country skiing,
mountaineering, wilderness first aid, and wilderness survival. There are
also numerous guidebooks to wilderness areas, as well as reference manuals
on a wide variety of outdoor sports. OA also has subscriptions to Backpacker,
Canoe, Cross-country Skier, and other magazines, as well as an extensive
collection of videotapes on such topics as expeditionary mountaineering,
rock climbing, kayaking, canoeing, bike touring, wilderness first aid and
wilderness photography. All of these are available for perusal or borrowing
from the OA Office. The OA Library List is posted
at the Outdoor Action Web Site. You can browse the title list by subject.
OA Web Site: Come see why people from all over the world
turn to the OA Web Site for the best information on outdoor education. All
of the outdoor workshops offered by OA are all available on the OA Web Site
(www.princeton.edu/~oa).
These are some of the things you can do to safeguard our environment
on campus and learn more about protecting the world environment.
PERC (Princeton Environmental Reform Committee) and the Campus
Environmental Audit: This committee of students, faculty, and staff
meets regularly to research, discuss, and make recommendations about the
University's impact on the environment and to encourage environmental stewardship
both on campus and in the community. The group completed the first Princeton
University Environmental Audit which included extensive research on recycling,
waste reduction, water conservation, energy conservation, and other topics.
PERC works with University Offices and departments throughout the year on
ways to implement the audit recommendations for a greener Princeton. Watch
the Prince for information on when the first meeting will be held. You can
check out information about the audit and other campus environmental resources
on the LL OPEN HOURS
4:30 - 6:30 PM, Armory
The Outdoor Action World Wide Web Site includes a range of Internet resources accessible from this Home Page. The information provided here is designed for educational use only and is not a substitute for specific training or experience. Princeton University and the author assume no liability for any individual's use of or reliance upon any material contained or referenced herein. When going into outdoors it is your responsibility to have the proper knowledge, experience, and equipment to travel safely. The material contained at the Web Site may not be the most current. This material may be freely distributed for nonprofit educational use. However, if included in publications, written or electronic, attributions must be made to the author. Commercial use of this material is prohibited without express written permission from the author. Copyright © 1997, all rights reserved, Rick Curtis, Outdoor Action Program, Princeton University.