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During the seven years of his last exiles (1094-1100), Su Shi continued to evolve as writer and person. This talk considers some of the salient issues of his life and writings during this period that have seldom been discussed. One is the energy he put into copying ancient texts, especially as calligraphic works to present to visitors. This activity raises questions about his motives for such copying and the balance at this time between his output as writer of new works and his reproduction as calligrapher of texts from centuries before. Is this activity related to his better-known project of writing poetic responses to each of Tao Yuanming’s poems, which were composed seven hundred years earlier? Another issue is the challenge, for us, of trying to gauge Su Shi’s emotional state through what he says and does not say in his writings. How accurate is the popular perception of the ever-ebullient Dongpo, even when living in deprivation on the shores of the “southern seas”? A close reading, especially of his personal letters from these years, shows a clear-cut shift of mood from buoyancy to bitterness upon his removal from Huizhou to Hainan Island, although that shift is not categorical. More significant than either mood or our impulse to identify one of them as dominant (asking the simplistic question, “how did he feel, really?”) may be the recognition of traits of his writings and mindset that remained constant even as his daily life became progressively grimmer. As he alternately concealed then half-revealed his reactions to harsh exile, we still glimpse flashes of his former bravado, inventiveness, and wit. Equally noteworthy is his occasional ability to produce entire compositions that make no reference whatsoever to his banishment, as if transcending it completely.

Ronald Egan is Stanford W. Ascherman, M.D. Professor of Sinology at Stanford University. He received his Ph.D. in Chinese literature from Harvard University. His research focuses on Chinese literature, aesthetics, and cultural history of the Tang-Song period. His publications include books on the lives and literary works of Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi, as well as a study of Li Qingzhao and her reception history, entitled The Burden of Female Talent. The last two books are now available in Chinese editions from Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing Company. He is currently at work on a multi-volume translation of the selected works of Su Shi, to be published in De Gruyter’s Library of Chinese Humanities series. He previously taught at Harvard University and the University of California at Santa Barbara.